Life in the Ocean an Example by

Life in the Ocean by Expert Prof Nelly | 07 Dec 2016 Question: Need article test on Life in the Ocean point? We will compose a custom article test explicitly for you Continue What is picoplankton and for what reason is it significant in the nature of the sea? Answer: Microscopic fishes with cells that go from 0.2 and 2.0 m are called picoplanktons. There are two kinds of picoplanktons relying upon their taking care of inclinations: the photosynthetic picoplankton and the heterotrophic picoplankton. The previous is the tiny fish that commands the focal oligotrophic areas. These areas have scant gracefully of supplements. There are three significant gatherings under this sort: cyanobacteria (Synechococcus), cyanobacteria (Prochlorococcus), and picoplanktonic eukaryotes. This tiny fish is significant since, beside the natural siphon that conveys supplements in the profundities, it blends the accessible supplements to give supplements to different life forms in the territory. The last kind of microscopic fish, as its name proposes, is the sort of tiny fish that don't perform photosynthesis. It tends to be either prokaryotes or eukaryotes. Heterotrophic picoplanktons can be found on both seawater and freshwater conditions. These picoplanktons are significant in the carbon cycle since they feed on natural issue (for example squander items, remains of dead animals) slid into the profundities. These animals help in keeping up the tidiness in the sea floor. Question: Saltiness and osmotic equalization are firmly related. Talk about how life forms make up for changes in saltiness when they move from the sea to an estuary, as happens with different types of shrimp and fish during their life cycle. Ans.: The blue crabs, shrimp, and lobsters, likewise called decapod shellfish, are a portion of the animal groups wherein saltiness is a piece of their life cycle. Saltiness is significant in the guideline of inward particle grouping of the shellfish, decapods and fishes. On account of the blue crabs, more often than not, the grown-ups are found in the estuarine condition where there is a moderately low-saltiness water. In the wake of mating, the female blue crab ventures into the more profound pieces of the sea to discharge the treated eggs. The grass shrimp, Palaemonetes vulgaris, additionally live in the low-saltiness water of the estuaries. The adjustments in the saltiness levels over the estuaries into the sea profundities are remunerated by changes in the particle grouping of the species. Along these lines, the life forms can endure and finish their life cycle. During their larval stage, high saltiness represses development of certain sorts of pathogenic living beings and obtrusive species along these lines shrimps and different scavangers and fishes normally lay their eggs in high-saltiness waters, for example sea. The life forms at that point come back to the low-saltiness waters when they develop or arrive at ideal stage for endurance and finish of the existence cycle. Question: How does the fossilization procedure happen in marine living beings? Go to the sites showed toward the finish of Supplemental Activity 3 of Chapter 21 in The Endless Voyage Study Guide, and answer the inquiry in a short way (not a report). Ans.: Fossil safeguarding of living beings relies on three key variables: kind of creature, condition, and occasions in the afterlife. In bone-dry, acidic and tropical conditions, bones are typically deteriorated at quicker rates while in the marine condition, there are factors (for example saltiness) that fill in as additives of the remaining parts accordingly permitting safeguarding of the life forms subtleties after it bites the dust, called fossil. Fossilization in marine living beings is practiced through quick sedimentation and nonappearance of procedure interference. At the point when the living being bites the dust, its remaining parts are immediately secured by sand or mud and some natural issue that plunges from the sea surface to the chasm. This will cover the remaining parts and as a result, it will be shielded from unsettling influences for thousands or even a great many years. The remaining parts won't be accessible for scroungers which are available in the open situations inland. It will likewise be shielded from disintegration and washing endlessly just as deteriorating microscopic organisms. The sedimentation procedure will proceed and after at some point, the encompassing residue will solidify into rocks, layers of rocks shaped from dregs and stays of the living being. Life forms subtleties perhaps excluded in the process contingent upon the kind of rock and mineral stores that covered it. The most widely recognized sorts are calcite and aragonite (both type of calcium carbonate), quartz and silica. References: Thornton-Devictor, S. (2004). Advances to the Deep: Adaptations in Decapod Crustaceans for Life Along the 3130N Atlantic Transect. Recovered April 22, 2007, from http://www.oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/investigations/04etta/foundation/decapods/decapods.html#top Oram, J.J. (2005). Examples of Temperature, Salinity, and Suspended Particulate Material in San Francisco Estuary: Water Year 2005 in the Context of Previous Water Years. Recovered April 23, 2007, from http://www.sfei.org/rmp/2004to05/AMR_2004-2005_Ch7_Patterns.pdf Dinosaur Fossilization (n.d.). Recovered April 23, 2007, from http://www.dinoruss.org/de_4/5c60e6e.htm How Fossils Form (n.d.). Recovered April 23, 2007, from http://www.zoomschool.com/subjects/dinosaurs/dinofossils/Fossilhow.html

Ethnography on Middle Class American Male Essay Example for Free

Ethnography on Middle Class American Male Essay Two centuries prior driving white, working class families in the recently joined American states led a family unrest that supplanted the premodern sex request with an advanced family framework. Yet, present day family was an oxymoronic name for this impossible to miss organization, which apportioned innovation to white, working class men just by denying it of ladies. The previous could enter the open circle as providers and residents, in light of the fact that their spouses were affirmed to the recently privatized family domain. Controlled by an inexorably missing male centric landowner, the cutting edge, working class family, a woman’s space, before long was sentimentalized as customary. It took the vast majority of the resulting two centuries for generous quantities of white common laborers men to accomplish the simple financial pass book to current family life a male family wage. When they had done as such, be that as it may, a second family transformation was well in progress. By and by working class, white families had all the earmarks of being in the vanguard. This time ladies were guaranteeing the advantages and weights of advancement, a status they could accomplish just to the detriment of the cutting edge family itself. Restoring a long-torpid women's activist development, baffled white collar class homemakers and their increasingly aggressor little girls exposed present day home life to a continued investigate. On occasion this scrutinize showed insufficient affectability with the impacts our antimodern family philosophy may have on ladies for whom full-time home life had once in a while been possible. Accordingly, women's activist family change came to be viewed broadly as a white, working class motivation, and white, average workers families it’s most safe enemies. African-American ladies and white, average workers ladies have been the authentic postmodern family pioneers, despite the fact that they additionally experience the ill effects of its most negative impacts. Since a long time ago denied the blended advantages that the cutting edge family request offered working class ladies, less special ladies discreetly produced elective youngster raising. Battling innovatively, regularly chivalrously, to support persecuted families and to get away from the most severe ones, they drew on conventional premodern connection assets and made untraditional ones, reeling in reverse and forward into the postmodern family. Increasing separation and dwelling together rates, working moms, two-worker families, single and unwed parenthood, and matrilineal, broadened, and invented kinfolk encouraging groups of people showed up before and all the more widely among poor and common laborers individuals. Financial weights more than political standards represented these takeoffs from family life, however working ladies like Martha Porter and Dotty Lewison before long found extra motivations to acknowledge paid business. Famous pictures of common laborers family life, similar to the Archie Bunker, lay on the iconography of unionized, manual, male, mechanical providers and the historical backdrop of their extensive battle for the family wage (Stacey 30). However, the male family wage was a late and vaporous accomplishment of just the most lucky segments of the cutting edge mechanical regular workers. Most common laborers men never made sure about its man centric local benefits. Postmodern conditions uncover the gendered character of this social-class classification, and they render it atavistic. As women's activist have contended, just by ignoring women’s work and learning was it ever conceivable to assign a nuclear family as average workers. In a time when most wedded moms are utilized, when ladies perform most common laborers work, when most beneficial work is disorderly and neglects to pay a family wage, when marriage joins are questionable and momentary, and when more single ladies than wedded homemakers are raising kids, traditional ideas of a regulating average workers family crack into confusion. The existence conditions and versatility examples of the individuals from Pamela’s kinfolk set and of the Lewisons, for instance, are so different and liquid that no single social-class classification can sufficiently portray any of the nuclear families among them. On the off chance that the white, average workers family generalization is incorrect, it is additionally significant. Generalization is good stories individuals advise to sort out the multifaceted nature of social experience. Portraying the average workers as profamily reactionaries stifles the decent variety and the inventive character of many common laborers kinfolk connections. The Archie Bunker generalization may have assisted with containing women's liberation by alienating white collar class from common laborers ladies. Barbara Ehrenreich contends that exaggerations which depict the common laborers as bigot and reactionary are later (Handel 655), self-serving creations of expert, middleclass individuals anxious to look for legitimating for their own progressively traditionalist driving forces. In the mid 1970s, disregarding rising work militancy just as racial, ethnic, and sex assorted variety among average workers individuals, the media successfully imaged them as the new preservationist bedrock of center America. In this manner, All in the Family, the 1970s TV sitcom arrangement that deified supremacist, extremist, common laborers legend clown Archie Bunker, can best be perused, Ehrenreich recommends, as the longest-running Polish joke, a projection of white collar class dishonesty. However, in the event that this dishonesty served proficient working class intrigue, it did as such to the detriment of women's liberation. The reverse rationale of class partiality interpreted the body electorate of that immensely mainstream social development as only middleclass. By persuading white collar class women's activists of our seclusion, maybe the last giggle of that Polish joke was on us. Indeed, even Ehrenreich, who delicately exposes the Bunker fantasy, marks beginning the discoveries of a 1986 Gallup survey that 56 percent of American ladies believed themselves to be women's activists, and the level of women's activist recognizable proof, was, in the event that anything, somewhat higher as one slipped the financial scale. Women's activist must be receptive to the polyphony of family stories created by average workers just as white collar class individuals in the event that they are ever to change information like these into successful political unions. While the ethnographic stories in this examination show the end of the common laborers family, not the slightest bit do they record the rise of the uncouth society postindustrial scholars once envisioned. In actuality, late examinations show that the white collar classes are contracting and the monetary conditions of Americans polarizing. African-American has borne the most pulverizing effect of financial rebuilding and the resulting decrease of mechanical and unionized occupations. Be that as it may, some time ago advantaged access to the American Dream during the 1960s and 1970s, presently discover their benefits compromised and difficult to give to their kids. While high-wage, industrial occupations decrease, the window of postindustrial open door that conceded undereducated people, as Lou and Kristina Lewison and Don Frankin, to white collar class status is hammering closed. Youthful white families earned 20 percent less in 1986 than did tantamount families in 1980, and their homeownership possibilities dove. Genuine income for youngsters between the ages of twenty and twenty four dropped by 26 percent somewhere in the range of 1980 and 1986, while the military course to upward versatility that a considerable lot of their dads voyaged choked. During the 1950s men like Lou Lewison, outfitted with VA advances, could purchase homes with token initial installments and spending plan only 14 percent of their month to month compensation for lodging costs. By 1984, nonetheless, conveying a middle estimated home would cost 44 percent of a normal male’s month to month profit. Few could deal with this, and in 1986 the U. S government detailed the primary supported drop in home possession since the cutting edge assortment of information started in 1940. In this way, the extent of American families in the center salary run tumbled from 46 percent in 1970 to 39 percent in 1985. Two workers in a family currently are essential just to shield from losing ground. Information like these drove social investigators to restlessly follow the vanishing working class, an expression that Barbara Ehrenreich now puts stock here and there missed the least from the center scope of solace. End The significant field to which master turned in their assessment of after war manliness was the American family, setting a spotlight upon men’s jobs as spouses, fathers, and family heads. It was usually noted by social researcher and delineators of American character that men had lost a lot of their previous authority inside the family. In reality, the common American male, as portrayed by the anthropologist Geoffrey Gorer, was viewed as having so totally surrendered any case to power that the family would continually hazard deterioration and calamity notwithstanding the endeavors of his significant other (Reumann 66). Then again, analysts analyzed an attack on white collar class masculinity and cautioned of its impacts on the country and its way of life. Fanatically practicing a story of across the nation decay, social confusion, and familial and sexual orientation breakdown, they envisioned a nation in which manliness had become a blockaded and valuable asset. Works Cited Handel, Gerald. what's more, Gail, Whtchurch, The Psychosocial Interior of the Family, Aldine, Transaction, 1994 Reumann, Miriam. American Sexual Character: Sex, Gender, and National Identity, Berkeley, California: London University of California Press, 2005 Stacey, Judith, In the Name of the Family: Rethinking Family Values in the Postmodern Age; U. S, Beacon Press, 1996

How to Set Up a VPN for Your Blog

How to Set Up a VPN for Your Blog I would like to thank Mohammad Fazle Rabbi for sharing this guest post with his readers on bloggerspice.com. There is a wealth of information to be found on it regarding blogging, using Google tools, and hints to get started blogging. I recommend checking out thispost about getting social media data on GoogleAnalytic. Why Would I Want a VPN? You need to protect your blog from hackers, malware, and other cyber criminal activity on the internet. A Virtual Private Network (VPN), in addition to a good security program and basic blog security habits, is how you do that. While a VPN doesnt connect directly to your blog, it will protect any device or computer you blog from, making sure that your data isnt stolen or passwords intercepted on a risky public network. What it will do is connect your device to a secure offsite server that will handle your requests for you and send you any data you need. To your eye, nothing is really different, but your data will be protected by an encrypted connection and your IP address will be masked. This means you can safely use public networks often prowled by hackers with equipment to intercept the signal and get direct access to your blogs username and password as you send it over the internet. Once they get this, then they can take over your blog and use it or sell it as they see fit. Even if you get it back, your relationship with your readers will be damaged, so you need this protection ahead of time unless you never want to blog in public safely again. If you travel a great deal, then you would especially want a VPN; they will help you get you around regional restrictions and government censorshipin order to research whatever content you need to and access any service you pay for regardless of location. You might even save some money on plane tickets; although your real focus should be on the security it provides. Picking One Out Once youve decided you want a VPN to better protect your blog from hackers and outside threats, you need to figure out which one you want; there are many different options for you to choose from. There are even some services and applications that advertise themselves as VPNs but are in reality scams or frauds, so you need to do your research before jumping in. When researching, you will want to first know what you are using it for the most. It is to protect your blog, but what kind of blog is it? A travel blogger might want a VPN better suited for smartphones or getting around government censorship. A blogger dealing with sensitive subjects and data might want every ounce of security they can get. To get a market overview,you will want to read some reviews of some of the more popular names. There are some other things you will want to look for. The first is how many servers are available for you to use and in how many countries they are. This will affect your ability to get around regional restrictions and if there are any slowdown times. To figure out if a VPN will slow down your system, then read what other people are saying about it online. The other major factor is how seriously the VPN provider takes your security and your privacy. If you get even the slightest inkling that a provider is giving others user information, then you need to turn around, run away, and never look back. The same applies if you ever feel as if the provider doesnt care about keeping its security up to date. As a general rule, dont go for the free VPNs if you want to seriously protect your blog. They are for the most part problematic, and they are unreliable. The (still low) cost of a VPN each month will more than make up its worth in problems that never occur because of it. Setup Compared to a lot of tools you might use, setting up a VPN to protect your blog will barely involve interacting with your blog at all. Instead you will likely be working with an application on your computer or device, or otherwise use a login screen of some sort. Once you get to the login screen, you will find that it wont be all that different from any online accounts you use. After youve inserted your username and password, youll be prompted to pick a server or server country. Once this is done, youre all set and can start browsing the internet as you wish. Alternatively, you might simply connect via an option in your smartphone or computer settings, where there will be a VPN tab or box for you to select. From here you will be able to input the VPN details, and you will be all set from there and can start browsing the internet as if nothing has changed. Yet I would like to note that there are many VPNs available, and few of them act exactly the same. The details given here are generalizations and might not reflect what you actually go through. Whatever process you do go through, however, will be a pretty easy habit and will become second nature to you after you do it a few times. If you do experience problems, there are almost always resources you can consult, and the internet will have a helpful community that will be glad to help.

Sample Argumentative Essay on Ethics in Human Research

When writing an argumentative essay on ethics in human research, it is important to come up with an argument for every claim that you make. Also, make sure that the information you’re using is reliable. Wikipedia is not a good choice in this case; books, government websites and case studies however, might seem like a viable alternative. The research ethic governs behavioral standards for all scientific researchers. There are ethical principles one must adhere to in order to make sure that the rights, welfare, and dignity of the participants are protected. The human research must be thoroughly reviewed and assessed by an ethics committee to make sure that all appointed ethical standards are properly implemented. In the WHO Manual, there’s a crystal clear definition of ethics in human research: research that involves human subjects is considered a part of a social science, epidemiological, biomedical or behavioral activity that involves data analysis or data collection with the aim to generate new knowledge. In applied ethics, there are three principal research branches: business, medical and environmental ethics. Medical ethics in particular, gets the most constant philosophical attention. However, not all issues in the field have received the exact same degree of scrutiny. Even though most of the attention is centered on ethical problems regarding medical care provisions, some ethical matters also cater to clinical research. Since the United States has agreed to perform research using human subjects (in the 70s), most ethical matters concerning human research have been centered on queries regarding clinical research, including risk management, randomization, placebo use, subject recruitment, and research on helpless populations. Most controversial or infamous studies discussed over the years were the Tuskegee Syphilis study, Nazi experiments, and HIV research. Over the past 5 years, most ethical issues involving human research targeted the environmental health department, but also human research on the use of the Internet and social media. Social media websites, or SMWs, offer opportunities for users to participate in the making and displaying of multi-media data. These sites have become an ideal ground for human research in all sorts of domains. SMWs offer some unique benefits to researchers: they provide innovative opportunities to inspect behaviors and beliefs expressed online (in a natural context), not to mention that social media sites permit researchers to contact subjects easier, thus conducting their studies in countries around the world that are difficult to reach in a conventional way. Human research methods in the environmental health field are split into two categories: experimental and observational. Observational studies are usually focused on gathering information about the subjects in their conventional habitat, whereas experiments are meant to gather data on the subjects under monitored conditions. In observational research, some commonly used studies are case-control studies, field studies, cohort studies and cross-sectional studies. Even though principles, codes and policies are useful and important, this doesn’t mean they necessarily fit in every scenario or situation. Some must be reinterpreted, so it is fundamental for researchers to learn to assess, evaluate, interpret the certain rules in order to be able to make an informed decision and act ethically regardless of the situation. Actions that are considered unethical by most researchers are often viewed as misconduct. However, it is fundamental to keep in mind that misconduct usually occurs when a researcher’s intent is to deceive. In general, errors that are honest, such as poor record keeping, sloppiness, self-deception, and miscalculations don’t classify as misconduct. References World Health Organization (WHO Manual). Ethical standards procedures for human being research Miller, F. The ethical challenges of human research. Oxford University Press. 2012. Ndpr.nd.edu Tuskegee Syphilis Study. 1932. cdc.gov Moreno M., Goniu, N., Moreno P., Diekema D.. Ethics of social media research: common concerns practical considerations. 2013 Sep; 16(9): 708–713. Jones, H. Social media’s affect on human interaction. 2013. hastac.org. Song, J. Observational Studies: cohort and case control ctudies. 2010. 126(6): 2234–2242 Resnik, D. What is ethics in research why is it important. 2015.nih.gov

Define Functional Versus Dysfunctional Conflict in a Work...

Conflict arises when there is some indifference among two parties. In any working group conflict is almost unavoidable. When most people hear the word conflict, they often tend to take the term in negative manner. Almost everyone perceives conflict to be a malefactor and that it often hinders the development process of any group. Although usually people think of it as a bad thing, conflict on the contrary can be a positive occurrence within a group to bring about change. Comprehensively conflict refers to a situation in which there are opposing demands or ideas and a choice has to be made between them. So, it means without conflict there wouldnt be any opposing demands or ideas in which case the choices are obvious and easy. This can†¦show more content†¦A functional conflict is the positive conflict that occurs among the people in a work group. They support the company’s goal and improve performance. Functional conflict is healthy and it is constructive disagreement between two or more individuals. A functional conflict often improves the quality of decisions, simulates creativity, innovation and encourages interest and curiosity among group members. Functional conflict helps everyone to learn the art of harmonious and efficient compromise. For instance in a group when people engage in a functional conflict, the outcome in general is very fruitful to the group itself. A functional conflict requires people to understand and respect each other’s idea. It allows other person to speak his/her thoughts without being interrupted. People engaging in a functional conflict know that the other party is a part of the group. It involves listening to what other has to say. Every other person can provide a valuable insight and suggestion to help solve a crisis. This creates willingness to cooperate. Furthermore in order for functional conflict to be a success, each individual must be given certain freedom of speech and work. Forcing someone to do things they don’t agree is not an effective way to resolve a conflict. A functional conflict focuses on finding a resolutionShow MoreRelatedChannel Conflict When Adding Internet Channel on Existing Store Based Retailer23250 Words   |  93 PagesChannel conflict when adding the Internet as a complementary marketing channel to an existing marketing channel system. A case study of a Greek mobile telecom re tailer. by GEORGIA EFROSSINIDOU carried out in conjunction with WIND Hellas Telecommunications, Leicester October 2009 Project submitted to Leicester University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Business Administration. CONTENTS Page Acknowledgments Executive Summary Introduction InternetRead Moretutorial7342 Words   |  30 PagesTutorial expectations and participation. 5. Briefing on Group Report Oral Presentation (requirements and expectations). 6. Team formation for Group Report. (4 members per group) 7. Tutor assigns question and time for oral presentation group report ** Oral presentation and group report submission will starts from Week 3 to 5** **Important note** Students are required to sit for one (1) online test on Week 3. Please make sure that you are registered under this course and be able to access Read MoreAnswer Key - Fund. of Management Chpt 1-7 Essay10238 Words   |  41 Pagesspecific purpose. All organizations share three common characteristics. 1) Every organization has a purpose and is made up of people who are grouped in some fashion. 2) No purpose or goal can be achieved by itself, therefore organizations have members. 3) All organizations develop a systematic structure that defines and limits the behavior of its members. Organization—an entity that has a distinct purpose, has people or members, and has a systematic structure. 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A literature research will be analyzed in order to understand the ratio and the reasons why people are quitting the job and lookingRead MoreChannels of Distribution and Logistics18744 Words   |  75 PagesChapter 6 Channels of distribution and logistics LEARNING OBJECTIVES By the end of this chapter you will: n n n n comprehend key elements and decisions in distribution channel design be able to evaluate different configurations of channel structure be familiar with recent trends and developments in channels of distribution appreciate the importance of managing the physical flows of products, services and information into, through, and out of the organization to its customers n grasp theRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesVirtual teams 9.3.3.1 Team performance [9.4.2.2] 9.4.2.3 Conflict management 9.3.2.6 Recognition and awards Defining the Project 4.1 Project charter 5.1 Gather requirements 5.2 Defining scope 5.3 Creating a WBS 5.4 Tools and techniques 6.1 Define activities 9.1.2. Responsibility matrixes 10.1 Communication planning (.2.3.4) [App. G-4] Chapter 12 Outsourcing 12.1.1 Procurement requirements [G.8] 12.1.2.3 Contract types 9.4.2.3 Conflict management 12.2.7 The art of negotiating 12.2.3.5 ChangeRead MoreManagement Control Systems Pdf115000 Words   |  460 PagesStructure to Strategy: Evolution of the Matrix Structure: Project Organizations, Product Organizations, Service Organizations, The Matrix Structure and the Multinational Firm – Evaluation of the Control Factors in Organizational Design: Matrix Versus Functional – Controller’s Organization – Adaptive Organization: The Need for Adaptive Organization, Adaptive Controls that Support the Adaptive Organization rI B S U se O nl y C la s s of 20 09 Chapter 6: Autonomy andRead MoreChange Management49917 Words   |  200 PagesChange 3. Planned Change 5. Unplanned Change 2. 4. 6. 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The End Of The Cold War Essay - 1740 Words

Introduction The most important turning point in contemporary history was propitiated by the end of the Cold War, when one of the fields of the bipolar era disappeared, opening the way for a unipolar world under American imperial hegemony. The United States immediately began to use its unquestionable superiority, seeking to transfer the conflicts to the military confrontation. The apex of this policy of militarization of conflicts was in Afghanistan, Iraq and Libya (Missiroli, 2015). Although in relatively different ways, the outcome of the conflicts was by military means - invasion, occupation, bombardment, overthrow of governments (Monteiro, 2014). Even with wear and tear, this road was imposed until recently without any obstacles to US domination. Until the conflict with Syria, which was heading for a bombing of the territory of that country, had an unexpected turn, with a proposal of agreement formulated by the US Minister of Relations and accepted by the US. Discussion In today s world, great power is a state capable of projecting its power in a way comparable to the most powerful state of the system. According to this criterion, only the USA is a great power. The remaining states of today s international system fall into two categories: the one that could avoid being conquered by the USA are average powers, and all others are smaller powers. Today s world is not multipolar (Layne, 2012). However, not everyone who accepts this last statement agrees that theShow MoreRelatedThe End Of Cold War2804 Words   |  12 PagesThe End of Cold War: An Analysis Cold War should be considered as one of the most important events that stirred the global political world and it should be considered as an event the end of which reshaped the socio-economic and political structure of myriads of nations across the globe. The end of the Cold War ensured the demise of the Soviet instigated communism and the rise of democracy once again. 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Communism, the greatest enemy to the west during the Cold War had to be put down at any cost, this meant supporting militaristic dictatorships that were against communism. The weakening of communism, however, ignited Global Democratic Revolutions in which the people sought to gain the power back from the government. These revolutions wereRead MoreThe End Of The Cold War Essay4338 Words   |  18 PagesAbstract: This article discusses the end of the Cold War, covering the period from Reagan?s inauguration to the reunification of Germany, which marked the end of the last remnant in Europe of the Cold War. It looks at several factors that brought the conflict to a close: arms control, human rights issues, and ongo ing conflicts in Latin America between the Soviet Union and the United States. The most important meetings and summits between the United States and the Soviet Union are discussed, includingRead MoreThe End Of The Cold War1435 Words   |  6 PagesDespite the hope for democracy and political stability in the last two decades, crises and armed conflicts remain a serious impediment to development in many countries. Moreover, if some specialists say that the end of the Cold War at the beginning of the 1990s spelled the end of conflicts created through the East-West confrontation, the following years have shown the predominance of intra-state crises, thus forcing the United Nations (UN) to review its strategies for peace and security. In extremelyRead MoreThe End Of The Cold War1069 Words   |  5 PagesAt the end of the Cold War, a more widespread interest in post conflict reconstruction was becoming more prevalent. The main components of this interest during the post reconciliation period were accountability and reconciliation. To facilitate this in two different post conflict environments, two respective tribunals were established. These tribunals were known as the ICTY (The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, est.1993) and ICTR (International Criminal Tribunal for RwandaRead MoreThe End Of The Cold War2747 Words   |  11 PagesThe United Nations was handed the sacred duty of, in its own words, â€Å"to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war.† While the UN was able to prevent another great war, and to an extent other large regional wars, it has still not met its key tenet of saving generations from the scourge of war. I believe that the UN has failed to promote peace successfully in the world, and its job as facilitator of peace hasn’t been met when countless conflicts have continued all over the globe. I believeRead MoreThe End Of The Cold War928 Words   |  4 Pages The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union were heralded by many as the end of history. Economic and political liberalism, it was argued, had triumphed over all other political and economic systems and was thus going to usher the world into an era of endless freedom and stability. This new global system, bounded by the principles of democracy and free market capitalism, was promoted as being the panacea for the liberation of the individual from the ills and control of old bureaucraciesRead MoreThe End Of The Cold War Essay2178 Words   |  9 PagesThe end of the Cold War created new dimensions for bilateral and multilateral international relations, including the U.S.-Vietnam relations. From the demand of normalizing the bilateral diplomatic ties, the U.S. detailed a four-phase roadmap in April 1991, which associated closely with resolving the Vietnam’s military involvement in the Cambodian conflict, and the U.S. prisoners of war/missing in action (POW/M IA) issue during the war in Vietnam. In 1995, the U.S. and Vietnam officially announcedRead MoreThe Wars At The End Of The Cold War1617 Words   |  7 PagesThe wars at the end of the Cold War and the beginning of the new century are entirely different from the other ones, mainly since September 11th, 2011. The nature of the strategic environment of the warfare has undergone a series of transformations because of the globalization, technology, economic relationships, and cultural changes. They influence the war and create an environment characterized as volatile, uncertain, complex and ambiguous (VUCA). This new environment has shifted the conventional

Shall I Compare Thee To a Summers Day and First Love Essay Example For Students

Shall I Compare Thee To a Summers Day and First Love Essay The first poem that I am going to write about is, Shall I Compare Thee To a Summers Day? (poem 1) by William Shakespeare. This is Shakespeares 18th sonnet and is one of the best-known sonnets in English Literature. Poem 1 is about a man who compares his lover to a summers day; he uses the summer and the weather to emphasise how beautiful his lover is. The poet compares his lover to a summers day because everyone prefers the summer to any other season. The writer didnt compare his lover to a winters day because it would seem that the writer didnt like his lover if he had compared her to the rain or to the fog. I think that the poet is trying to convey his lover as beautiful and that another woman couldnt compare with her, the phrase Thou artmore temperate emphasises this. She will be beautiful forever too in Shakespeares mind. The first four lines are a logical argument to prove that a summers day is inferior to his lover, she is more lovely and more temperate He also sees that the summer is more unpredictable than she is, Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May. He notes as well that the summer doesnt last as long as her beauty. And summers lease hath all too short a date He shows this contrast between his lover and the summer. He also conveys that the summer isnt always beautiful. Faults are pointed out- for example the weather in lines five and six (the sun can be too hot at times). Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines or it can simply not shine at all, And often is his gold complexion dimmed. This makes a poor comparison to his love because it is totally different too. Thou art.more temperate The poet is contradicting his own words. The quotation natures changing course refers to the fact that the weather wont stay the same for long. Summer turns to autumn eventually and this will bring back the bad weather. Whatever we try to do we can never stop this cycle. Nor shall death brag thou wonderst in his shade is a personification which makes death sound scary. The poet leads us to believe that death will not come between him and his lover. The word brag suggests that the poet thinks that death teases human beings. The poet also suggests that his lovers beauty can never be killed. The eternal lines of time might mean that his lovers beauty will never fade and this will enable his love to grow. The comparison with the summer is very effective as the poet says that the summer doesnt last as long as his love: eternal lines might also mean lines of poetry which people will read for years and this will allow his love to grow. This in the lost line refers to the poets love towards his lover which is an incentive to live. It also might mean that his love for her is everlasting. The main point that the poet is trying to stress is that his love is unchangeable and so the line so long as men can breathe or eyes can see means that his love for his lover is eternal. I think that the main idea (the theme) in this poem is Shakespeares love and the effect time has on it. Shakespeare points out that his love for his lover will last as long as he lives. Shakespeare used a conventional form of poetry to praise poetry and his beloved by using the form of the sonnet. He boasted that both would be preserved nearly eternally. Five hundred years later, no one refutes his boast. .u12d7ec1956d4bf38acb5aa2dc0e185fe , .u12d7ec1956d4bf38acb5aa2dc0e185fe .postImageUrl , .u12d7ec1956d4bf38acb5aa2dc0e185fe .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u12d7ec1956d4bf38acb5aa2dc0e185fe , .u12d7ec1956d4bf38acb5aa2dc0e185fe:hover , .u12d7ec1956d4bf38acb5aa2dc0e185fe:visited , .u12d7ec1956d4bf38acb5aa2dc0e185fe:active { border:0!important; } .u12d7ec1956d4bf38acb5aa2dc0e185fe .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u12d7ec1956d4bf38acb5aa2dc0e185fe { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u12d7ec1956d4bf38acb5aa2dc0e185fe:active , .u12d7ec1956d4bf38acb5aa2dc0e185fe:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u12d7ec1956d4bf38acb5aa2dc0e185fe .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u12d7ec1956d4bf38acb5aa2dc0e185fe .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u12d7ec1956d4bf38acb5aa2dc0e185fe .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u12d7ec1956d4bf38acb5aa2dc0e185fe .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u12d7ec1956d4bf38acb5aa2dc0e185fe:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u12d7ec1956d4bf38acb5aa2dc0e185fe .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u12d7ec1956d4bf38acb5aa2dc0e185fe .u12d7ec1956d4bf38acb5aa2dc0e185fe-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u12d7ec1956d4bf38acb5aa2dc0e185fe:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Poetry Essay ThesisThe second poem that I am going to write about is First Love (poem 2) by John Clare. John Clare was born in Northamptonshire in 1793. He had little schooling and left school at the age of eleven, he was mainly self-taught. Many of his poems are about nature and the seasons. He first published his poetry in 1820, aged 21 and he was married in the same year to Martha Turner, although he was still in love with his first girlfriend, Mary Joyce. He was admitted to an asylum for the insane in 1837 and he escaped in 1841 looking for his first love, Mary Joyce whom he believed to be his wife. He wrote the poem in 1841, but it gives no hint of the pressures he m ust have been under at the time. The poem is about a boy who falls in love with a girl, who doesnt realise it at first but does by the end. The title First Love is very appropriate as the poem is about someones first love. The first and second lines tell us that this is love at first sight love so sudden. The simile comparing the girls face to a sweet flower is very appropriate as this shows us how beautiful the boy thinks the girl is. The poet uses the word sweet two times in the poem, which suggests that the boy thinks that the girl is very sweet. When the poet realises that he has fallen in love with the girl his face went deadly pale and his legs refused to walk away. There are powerful verbs in the first two stanzas such as struck, stole rushed and burnt. Most of the verbs help to describe how much the boy loves the girl. The phrase blood rushed to my face shows us how excited he was and suggests that he is very embarrassed when the girl looked back at him. The lovers confusion is emphasised in the second stanza as the poet can only think about his lover and nothing else. He says that she has blinded him with her beauty, And took my sight away; the poet says that he couldnt see anything apart from her and I could not see a single thing, suggests that the man is blinded by the beauty of the girl, he cant see the trees of the bushes only his lover. And blood burnt round my heart suggests that he is so excited that he feels his heart pumping. The paradox Words from my eyes did start suggests that the look from his eyes is trying to say something. Seemed midnight at noonday suggests that it is dark because her beauty blinded him. The two questions in the poem are rhetorical questions; they catch the attention of the reader. They make me want to answer the questions, these questions gets the reader involved in the poem. The phrase that suggests that the girl doesnt realise his love at first is And when she looked what could I ail?, this suggests that the girl wasnt aware of the boy at first. I think that And loves appeal to know is the time when the girl realises that the boy loves her, after finding out that the isnt ill when his face turns back to its normal colour. His heart has been changed forever after finding his first love, and he feels the pain of unrequited love. His heart has moved to its new place and it will never return, My heart has left its dwelling-place. And can return no more The rhyming pattern is the same in every stanza a,b,a,b,c,d,c,d. The rhythm of the poem also follows the same pattern. .u1e02f953a2a63b44fab86152d7e0b7cd , .u1e02f953a2a63b44fab86152d7e0b7cd .postImageUrl , .u1e02f953a2a63b44fab86152d7e0b7cd .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1e02f953a2a63b44fab86152d7e0b7cd , .u1e02f953a2a63b44fab86152d7e0b7cd:hover , .u1e02f953a2a63b44fab86152d7e0b7cd:visited , .u1e02f953a2a63b44fab86152d7e0b7cd:active { border:0!important; } .u1e02f953a2a63b44fab86152d7e0b7cd .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1e02f953a2a63b44fab86152d7e0b7cd { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1e02f953a2a63b44fab86152d7e0b7cd:active , .u1e02f953a2a63b44fab86152d7e0b7cd:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1e02f953a2a63b44fab86152d7e0b7cd .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1e02f953a2a63b44fab86152d7e0b7cd .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1e02f953a2a63b44fab86152d7e0b7cd .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1e02f953a2a63b44fab86152d7e0b7cd .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1e02f953a2a63b44fab86152d7e0b7cd:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1e02f953a2a63b44fab86152d7e0b7cd .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1e02f953a2a63b44fab86152d7e0b7cd .u1e02f953a2a63b44fab86152d7e0b7cd-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1e02f953a2a63b44fab86152d7e0b7cd:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Heroes in Homer's Poetry EssayBoth poems are similar in that they have been written to the lovers of the poets. Their main theme is love and how this has affected them. Both poets have used nature to compare with their lovers, Shakespeare has one long comparison, he compares his lover to a summers day while John Clare uses individual comparisons to nature Her face is bloomed like a sweet flower John Clare uses a more modern vocabulary than Shakespeare but this is expected as Clare wrote two centuries later than Shakespeare. The structure of the two poems are different, Poem 1 is a sonnet. Although the two poems are about love, Poem 2 is about someones first love while poem 1 might have been about someones love when they were older. Another contrast is that Shakespeare only writes about how beautiful he thinks his loved one is while Clare writes more about how his love affects him, And blood rushed to my face. I liked both poems but First Love impressed me most because the poem is about young people.

Socrates vs Galilei Essay Example

Socrates vs Galilei Essay Throughout time, history has woven for us two great men whose exemplary achievements helped shaped the foundations of modern science, mathematics and philosophy: Socrates and Galileo Galilei. Although they lived in two different worlds and eras (470-399BC and 1564-1642 AD, respectively), it is nevertheless impossible to note that they are in a way interwoven in both achievements and nature. Perhaps their most common point of intersection is the very fact that they were firstly, philosophers in nature. Although much of our knowledge of Socrates is derived from what his most promising student, Plato, among others have revealed to us in his dialogues. It is, therefore, a sad thing to note that so great a man had not written nor published anything of himself or his philosophies. However, all things have their reasons. According to Hooker (1996) Socrates believed that knowledge was a living, interactive thing and therefore his method of philosophical inquiry was by means of questioning people on the positions they asserted and working them through questions into a contradiction, thus proving to them that their original assertion was wrong. In fact, he himself never takes a position skeptically claiming to know nothing at all except that he knows nothing (According to Plato in The Apology). The Socratic elenchus (self-examination) eventually gave rise to dialectic, the idea t hat truth needs to be pursued by modifying ones position through questioning and conflict with opposing ideas (Hooker, 1996). We will write a custom essay sample on Socrates vs Galilei specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Socrates vs Galilei specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Socrates vs Galilei specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer However, although Galileo was also a philosopher, the philosophical thread that ran through Galileos intellectual life was a strong and increasing desire to find a new conception of what constitutes natural philosophy and how natural philosophy ought to be pursued (Machamer, 2005). This paved the way for the scientific revolution. He was able to publish various books and materials on different subject matters. He was known as the father of modern observational astronomy(Singer,1941), the father of modern physics(Weidhorn, 2005), the father of science( Weidhorn, 2005) , and â€Å"the Father of Modern Science (Finocchiaro, 2007)†. His famous discoveries included that of the Galilean Moons of Jupiter, the supernova explosion, and the sunspots found on the Sun’s surface. He was also a strong follower of Nicholas Copernicus in his belief that the Sun was the centre of the solar system. At this point, we notice how both philosophers have differed. Socrates was a man of exceptional knowledge and philosophy, however, not one of his philosophies has reached today’s archive first hand. For someone who has changed the world in many ways, he has chosen not to leave us anything we could really call authentic. Galileo, on the other hand, as thus provided us many eye-openers concerning our world and have helped us understand the ways of nature preserved in his writings. His discoveries and studies have contributed much to present-day human knowledge and advancement. Socrates is also commonly pictured as a religious figure as his philosophy tends to drive a way of living. Thus, he has been encumbered with the admiration and emulation normally reserved for founders of religious sects—Jesus or Buddha (Nails, 2005). On the other hand, Galileo is more of a scientific figure as he has fashioned a good deal of scientific and mathematic truths and laws which are currently being used as it is or otherwise as a foundation of much of the laws used in our days. And although he was a devout Roman Catholic, he was charged of heresy for supporting Copernicus’s claims of the sun being the centre of the universe and that the earth moved. Another area of contrast is in the fact that Socrates was deeply involved in politics that according to Platos account, Socrates was in no way subtle about his particular beliefs on government. He openly objected to the democracy that ran Athens during his adult life (Wikipedia, 2006). He himself was put on trial for the reason of being involved in the oligarchy form of government implemented by the Spartans. When Democracy was restored he was placed on trial, which is interpreted by some scholars to be an expression of political infighting (Hooker, 1996), and then executed. Our other philosopher seems to have little or no record at all of political interest, although according to Machamer (2006) he politically named the four moons circling Jupiter (now known as the Galilean Moons) as the Medicean stars (after the ruling family in Florence, his patrons). Beyond this, no record shows any other political patronage on his part. Despite their differences, both these men have excelled in their different areas in life and have helped create who we are now at this present age. This goes to show that we are but standing on the shoulders of giants who have been inquisitive enough to learn more of life and way to live it.

Chapter 10 Essay Example

Chapter 10 Essay Example Chapter 10 Paper Chapter 10 Paper Essay Topic: Literature In Nancy Walkers fifth-grade classroom, some students are reading above grade-level and some students have not yet become fluent readers. This teachers classroom library should contain: books written at a range of reading levels. In reading workshop, students get critical feedback from their teacher to help them develop as readers during: Conferencing The primary difference between reading workshop and Sustained Silent Reading (SSR) is that only during reading workshop do: teachers provide instruction. In writing workshop, students move through the writing process: At their own pace The benefits of sharing time during writing workshop include all of the following except: it is an appropriate use of time when students have writers block. Which of the following allotments of time is the least appropriate for these components of writing workshop? Independent writing: 10-15 minutes Which of the following statements is not true about establishing a workshop environment? Reading and writing workshops should be part of daily language arts learning. Of the following, the most important feature of literature circles is that students: Select their own reading material The primary purpose of specific roles for literature circles (e.g., word wizard, discussion director, etc.) is to: focus students on aspects of the text that facilitate comprehension and can guide student discussions. In reading logs related to literature circles, it is appropriate for students to write about all of the following except: Personal narratives Which of the following statements is not true with respect to choosing books for literature circles? The teacher does not need to be familiar with all of the book choices When implementing literature circles, effective teachers address strategies and skills by: Teaching mini-lessons The most significant focus of literature circle assessment is on: comprehension demonstrated through reading response. Literature focus units are built around: narrative texts, informational texts, or poetry. Students often create projects at the culmination of literature focus units. A primary goal of these projects is: for students to apply their learning. When a teacher planned a three-month unit based on the novel Because of Winn-Dixie, the principal correctly advised her that: a literature focus unit should be completed in less time. Which of the following is the least significant when constructing the instructional focus of a literature focus unit? The focus used in years past with the text Designing checklists and rubrics is a part of which step in developing a literature focus unit? Assessing students Of the following, the most appropriate way for a teacher using literature focus units to monitor students learning and assign grades would be to: use folders and an assignment checklist. The most distinguishing characteristic of basal reading programs is that they usually have A strong skills component A third-grade student appears to be constantly frustrated by the reading in his anthology. The first thing the teacher should evaluate is the: match of the reading level of the text to the students instructional reading level. When using basal reading programs, effective teachers determine the order in which to introduce various strategies by: using the scope-and-sequence chart included with the reading program. Which of the following is not true regarding the support offered by basal reading programs for struggling readers and English learners (ELs)? Struggling readers and English learners are able to access the lower-level texts provided for independent reading. Which of the following is a characteristic specific to anthologies designed for the primary grades? Features pictures of children and animals Related Papers Approaches to Teaching Reading Rhetorical Reading Strategies and the Construction of Meaning Summary Seven laws of teaching Sex Education The future is in the hands of a teacher. I Want to Be a Teacher Kay hat Schools Should Ask Students to Evaluate Their Teachers Classroom Assessment How to Teach Language Through Poetry Research Proposal on the Topic Internal Assessment System Critical Thinking Deductive Method Versus Inductive Method Education Philosophy Outline How to cite this page Choose cite format: Chapter 10. (2018, Jan 23). Retrieved from https://paperap.com/paper-on-chapter-10/'>APA "Chapter 10." PaperAp.com, 23 Jan 2018, https://paperap.com/paper-on-chapter-10/'>MLA PaperAp.com. (2018). Chapter 10. [Online]. Available at: https://paperap.com/paper-on-chapter-10/[Accessed: 21 Sep. 2019]'>Harvard "Chapter 10." 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Deadline Paper type Essay (Any Type) Admission Essay Annotated Bibliography Argumentative Essay Article Review Book/Movie Review Business Plan Case Study Coursework Creative Writing Critical Thinking Presentation or Speech Research Paper Research Proposal Term Paper Thesis Other Article (Any Type) Content (Any Type) Q&A Capstone Project Dissertation Lab Report Scholarship Essay Math Problem Statistic Project Research Summary Assignment Dissertation chapter Speech Dissertation chapter: Abstract Dissertation chapter: Introduction Dissertation chapter: Hypothesis Dissertation chapter: Literature Review Dissertation chapter: Methodology Dissertation chapter: Analysis/Results Dissertation chapter: Discussion Dissertation chapter: Conclusion Dissertation Proposal Thesis Statement Thesis Proposal Application Essay Pages 550 words(double spaced) 126 writers online Check Price A limited time offer! Get custom paper sample written according to your requirements urgent 3h delivery guaranteed Order now Chapter 10 Paper Declarative knowledge enables you to interpret what you see and hear around you, recognize important people and places in your life, and recall past events. Episodic memory one’s memory of personal life experiences and are remembered events that we’ve personally experienced. Semantic memory one’s general knowledge of the world, independent of those experiences; semantic memories typically stay with us longer than episodic memories. Conditional knowledge includes information about how to respond under different circumstances. Conceptual knowledge declarative and procedural knowledge merge together into conceptual knowledge which reflects our understanding of why certain events happened, why certain things are the way they are, and why certain procedures are effective but others are not. the integration of numerous concepts plus other declarative knowledge into general understandings of certain situations or phenomena. Explicit knowledge vs. Implicit knowledge Explicit knowledge > knowledge that we can EASILY recall and explain. Implicit knowledge > knowledge that we can’t consciously recall. How is knowledge encoded into long-term memory? Knowledge is encoded in long-term memory in ways that reflect something’s physical characteristics or as physical actions or encoding symbols represented by words. What does encoding in physical terms mean? Perception-based forms of encoding are often referred to as imagery. Photographic memory > eidetic imagery. Visual imagery involves envisioning motion and sometimes has a spatial component, in that an individual can imagine how objects might be manipulated arranged, or rearranged in space > Visuospatial memory. Gestures often seem to represent aspects of visual or spatial encoding and may communicate implicit knowledge. What does encoding in terms of actions mean? Action-based encoding is important in procedural knowledge, when that knowledge involves psychomotor skills. Productions When procedural knowledge involves conditional knowledge, when it involves knowing what to do under varying circumstances. Productions can best be described as a set of IF-THEN rules and are presumably involved in procedures that have significant cognitive component.o IF: specifies the condition under which a particular action will occur.o THEN: specifies what the action will actually be. What does encoding through symbols mean? A symbol is something that represents an object or event, often without bearing much resemblance of the thing it stands for. Propositions Meanings are stored as propositions > small units of knowledge concerning relationships among objects or events.1. can stand as a separate statement or assertion.2. can be judged as being either true or false. Arguments objects or events that are the topics of the proposition. Relation a description of an argument or a relationship among two or more arguments. Can one piece of information be encoded in multiple ways? Yes, we sometimes encode the same information simultaneously in two or more different ways. Long-term memory also includes innumerable interconnects among bits of knowledge about different things. Associationistic various pieces of information stored in long-term memory are either directly or indirectly associated with one another. learners relate and organize their long-term memories somewhat uniquely because their past experiences have been different. What are some long-term organizational systems? 1. Hierarchy2. Network3. Parallel distributed processing Long-Term as a Hierarchy Long-term memory organization can be information stored in hierarchies; superordinate information at the top and more specific, subordinate information below. The farther apart the two components were in the hierarchy, the longer it would take to verify a statement. Creating categories > facilitates meaningful learning.Drawbacks: Much of the information we learn does not have a hierarchical quality to it. Long-Term as a Network A network model portrays memory as consisting of many pieces of information interconnected through a variety of associations. Different individuals have networks with somewhat different associations. The propositional network is one in which propositions and their interrelationships are stored in a network-like fashion. We can characterize meaningful learning as a process of storing new propositions with related propositions in the network. Long-Term as Parallel distributed process Information is stored in the form of an integrated collection of entities called nodes. Any single node may be associated with many different pieces of information as a unique network of interconnected nodes. Parallel Distributed Processing Parallel distributed processing (PDP) or connectionism: pieces of information are stored in a distributed fashion throughout long-term memory, with numerous nodes being processed simultaneously. the multidimensional nature of even the simplest of ideas. fill in missing information when a stimulus is incomplete. the PDP model tends to portray learning as a gradual process of strengthening and weakening associations. Concept is a mental grouping of objects or events that are similar in some way. Concrete concept are easily identified by physical appearance. Abstract concepts have underlying similarities that aren’t readily observable on the surface. Positive instances vs. Negative instances A positive instance is a particular example of a concept vs. a negative instance is a nonexample of the concept. Undergeneralization vs. Overgeneralization Undergeneralization reflects an inability to recognize all positive instances. Overgeneralization reflects an inability to reject all negative instances. What do people learn about concepts? Concepts includes knowing that certain features are important for positive instances. Defining features are characteristics that must be present in ALL positive instances. Correlational features are frequently found in positive instances but aren’t essential for concept membership. A prototype, or typical example of the concept. Numerous examples, or exemplars. How do people learn concepts? Behaviorists: a concept not as a mental entity but rather as a common response to a variety of stimuli. Contemporary psychologists: a relatively passive buildup of associations may form the basis of some concepts. In some instances learners may form various hypotheses about a concept’s meaning and then use positive and negative instances to confirm or reject each hypothesis. Someone provides a definition. When are concepts easier to learn? The more obvious the features of a concept are, the easier the concept is to master. What facilitates concept learning? A good definition describes the concept in terms of other concepts with which students are already familiar with. What can help illustrate a concept? Numerous and varied positive instances help to illustrate a concept. Negative instances are helpful in defining the concept’s limits and preventing overgeneralization. Sequential presentation a series of positive and negative instances one at a time over a period of weeks, months, or years. Learners must store what they’ve learned from each instance in long-term memory, where it is likely to be forgotten. Simultaneous presentation in which people can see a number of positive and negative instances all at once. What role do classroom assessments have in concept learning? Classroom assessment tasks can enhance as well as monitor concept learning. Schema usually refers to a closely connected set of ideas related to a specific object or event. Schemas and scripts provide a means for reducing this information overload. Focus their attention on things that are likely to be important and to ignore what’s probably unimportant. They enable people to make sense of incomplete information. Personal theory People form general theories – coherent beliefs systems that encompass cause-and-effect relationships – about many aspects of the world around them. Personal theories about the world seem to guide people as they identify potential defining features of concepts they’re learning. Personal theories help people organize and make sense of personal experiences and information. Theory theory a theoretical perspective about people’s everyday theories. Theory theory is quite useful in helping us understand why people sometimes misconstrue the world around them. Personal theories vs. Reality People’s erroneous notions about the world probably have a variety of sources and sometimes misconceptions result from how things appear to be. fostered by common expressions in language. may cause an individual to infer incorrect cause-and-effect relationships. are mistaking correlation for causation. well-engrained misconceptions about the topic. acquire scientifically acceptable understandings is more difficult. What can help learners tie ideas together and enhance their understanding of concepts? Physical models can help learners tie ideas together. Mental modes > representations of how particular concepts and principles interrelateo Group interaction can enhance learners’ theoretical understanding. Worldview A worldview is a general set of beliefs and assumptions about reality > about how things are and should be, which influence understandings of a wide variety of phenomena. Worldviews encompass implicit rather than explicit knowledge. Conceptual change The process of replacing one personal theory or belief system with another, presumably more adaptive one; tightly interconnected sets of ideas. Conceptual change occurs gradually over a lengthy time period. Confirmation bias o Learners existing beliefs affect their interpretations of new information.o Most learners have confirmation bias, which is when learners tend to look for information that confirms their existing beliefs and to ignore/discredit any contradictory evidence. Is it possible to change a learners misconception of a concept? Yes, but changing misconceptions involves changing an entire organized body of knowledge. People learn new info without letting go of their prior beliefs, so that long-term memory simultaneously holds inconsistent ideas. Sometimes this happens because people learn the new info at a rote level, What can cause a learner to keep a tight hold of a misconception? Learners may have personal or emotional investment in their existing beliefs. Their beliefs may be an integral part of their religion, life style, or culture. Learners may interpret challenges to their belief systems as threats to their self-efficacy When are learners more likely to replace misconceptions? Students are more likely to replace a misconception with a more accurate understanding, if they’re thinking about both ideas at the same time. Refutational text possible objections to a particular explanation are presented and then discredited. Experts Their knowledge tends to be tightly organized, with many interrelationships among the things they know and with many abstract generalizations unifying more concrete details. What are the stages in the acquisition of knowledge? 1. Acclimation: learners familiarize themselves with a new content domain > fragmented learning2. Competence: learners acquire considerably more info about the subject matter, and they also acquire some general principles that help tie the info together and they correct many of the specific misconceptions they’ve previously developed.3. Expertise: learners have truly mastered their field and they know a great deal about the subject matter. What affect do concepts have on general knowledge? Concepts reduce the world’s complexity. Concepts allow abstraction of the environment. Concepts enhance the power of thought. Concepts facilitate inferences and generalization to new situations. Concepts make it easier for us to make connections.

Method Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Method - Essay Example The antioxidants stock solutions were prepared separately. Four hundred milligrams of L-ascorbic acid and tannic acid were dissolved in 5 mL of water to make a stock solution of 80 mg/mL. Forty milligrams of epigallocatechin were dissolved in 5 mL water for a concentration of stock solution of 8 mg/mL. Cells of Staphylococcus aureus strains SH1000 and UAMS-1 were streaked on Mueller-Hinton Agar (MHA) plates and incubated 37Â °C for 24 hours. After this period, single colonies were picked, and transferred to tubes with Mueller-Hinton Broth (MHB). The tubes were placed in an incubator-shaker at 37 Â °C for another 24 hours. The overnight cultures in MHB, after appropriate dilution, served as the inocula for the experimental determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antibiotics and antioxidants, and mutational frequencies (MF). Overnight cultures were always used fresh, and not after storage. The desired antibiotic starting concentrations were obtained by diluting the desired volume from the stock solutions. For the determination of the mupirocin MIC, the starting concentration was 16 Â µg/mL. This amount was diluted doubly using sterile saline to produce decreasing concentrations of 16, 8, 4, 2, 1, 0.5, 0.25, 0.125, 0.0625, and 0.03125 Â µg/mL. The starting concentration of rifampicin was 2 Â µg/mL. Again, double dilution was performed. The following concentrations were used to determine the rifampicin MIC: 2, 1, 0.5, 0.25, 0.125, 0.0625, 0.03125, 0.01563, 0.0078, and 0.0039 Â µg/mL. To determine the MICs of the antioxidants that were to be used in the experiment, the antioxidants solutions were also serially diluted similar to what was done for the antimicrobials mupirocin and rifampicin. The starting concentration of all the antioxidants was 8 mg/mL. After double dilutions, the concentrations used were 8, 4, 2, 1, 0.5, 0.25, 0.125, 0.0625, 0.03125, and 0.01563 mg/mL. Cellulose ester disks with 0.22 Â µm

Mediterranean Shipping Company Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Mediterranean Shipping Company - Research Paper Example Such diversification is responsible for internal split among the employees, and in specific cases can be responsible for treason or ambush. The possibility of such occurrence is low, but if occurs it will cause significant business loss. 3. The EU embargo on certain African and Asian countries will affect the number of shipment contracts. The shipping company in some cases has to undo its contract only because of the EU trade legislation. The EU has therefore certainly restricted the opportunities for the shipping company in some locations. 1. The economic challenges have intensified; the ongoing economic turmoil has narrowed the business opportunities for industrialist nations. The cuts in the business plans have dampened the trade volume which subsequently affects the business plans for the shipping company. 2. It is important for the company to undertake expansion plans, and the units of properties shall be increased to offer effective coverage and support to the business customers. Unfortunately, the ongoing economic recession has barred support from the financial institutions. 3. The valuation of Yuan in the international market is challenge for the European and American shipping companies. The Mediterranean Shipping Company has to suffer due to its higher cost of service and employee's remuneration only because the Chinese companies are able to support their employees at extremely low rates; and the industrial units within China offer cheap products which have strengthened the capacity of the Chinese shipping company. Social 1. The company has no social restraint. Technological 1. The company has to promote research and development unit. The shipping technology is magnanimous, and any damage to the shipping parts shall affect the shipment plans for months. The company has to therefore adopt stringent maintenance plans and has to focus upon the procurement of minimum inventory to support the ships on voyage. 2. The shipping company has to invest in the monitoring system for the machines. This shall be heavy investment, but will forecast any mechanical damage to the ship. Any mechanical issue will prompt the shipping crew at early stage, and will assist the employees in the identification of the issue much before it reaches advance level. The failure of the parts can be protected, and this will ensure the integrity of the parts. 3. The shipping company has to invest heavily to make the cargo loading and unloading process foul-proof. This will require technological improvisation. The company should necessarily focus on this area. References 1. Chua, W. F. Radical Developments in Accounting Thought. The Accounting Review. 2003. 2. Zahirul Hoque. Methodological Issues in Accounting Research: Theories and Methods. 2006. Spiramus Press Ltd. 3. Sicco Van Gelder. Global Brand Strategy: Unlocking Brand Potential Across Countries, Cultures. 2003. Kogan Page. N.Y. 4. Jean-Noel Kapferer. The New Strategic Brand Management: Creating and Sustaining Brand Equity. 2004. Kogan Page. N.Y. 5. Kai Yang. Design for Six Sigma for Service. 2005. McGraw-Hill Professional. N.Y. 6. Harald A. Benink. Coping With Financial Fragility and Systemic Risk. 2000. Springer. pp. 86. 7. Krishnamurthy Sriramesh, Dejan Vercic. The Global Public Relations Handbook Theory, Research, and Practice. 2003. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. pp.

Recruitment and Retention of Volunteers: An Analysis

Recruitment and Retention of Volunteers: An Analysis This dissertation will look at the recruitment and retention of volunteers within St Lukes Hospice Charity Shops, based in London. Whilst some aspects will be similar to the recruitment and retention of paid employees, it is essential to understand the differences between the two groups of staff. The recruitment and retention of volunteers raises many of the same challenges as those involving paid workers, but the solutions may differ (Suff, 2008). However, Olga Aikin points out that the legal status of volunteers and the duties owed to them by employers are not necessarily clear. She believes that the ambiguity is caused by the term volunteer having no universal meaning. Aiken (2009) explains that at common law level the status is relatively simple. The status can be determined by asking the question did the parties have a binding contract? For an agreement to become a binding contract there has to be mutuality of obligations and an intention for the agreement to be legally binding. At common law the parties can agree that the agreement will not be legally binding (a so-called gentlemans agreement) (Aikin, 2009) Aiken goes on to clarify that it if often wrongly thought that a contract relating to employment must include monetary benefit, however this is not the case. For there to be a contract there must be mutuality of obligation, meaning that each party must receive some benefit, and be under some obligation. The individual must receive some consideration for his or her work. This consideration does not have to be money; it could include other benefits such as training or accommodation, however, mandatory training, or training to allow a volunteer to carry out their role is not excluded (Aikin, 2009). Due to this it is essential that volunteers do not receive benefits for their role. Whilst the paying of expenses is acceptable, St Lukes would be restricted in offering volunteers other benefits which fall outside of this. It is important to establish from the outset that the person is working in a voluntary capacity, to avoid the organisation facing problems further down the line, including possible claims for payment and other benefits related to employment. Formal volunteering is defined as unpaid voluntary work carried out with, or under the auspices of, an organisation., whilst informal volunteering is defined as unpaid or voluntary work carried out outside organisations, often at neighbourhood level, but outside the immediate family (Volunteer Development Agency, 2007). Phil Hope from the Cabinet Office (Association of Volunteer Managers, 2007) defines volunteering as: any non-compulsory activity which involves spending time, unpaid, doing something which is of benefit to others (excluding relatives), society or the environment The Volunteer Development Agency (2005) defines volunteering as The commitment of time and energy for the benefit of society and the community, the environment or individuals outside ones immediate family. It is undertaken freely and by choice, without concern for financial gain. The difference between paid staff and volunteers is often not clear. Kate Engles (Volunteering England, 2006) says that: Although both permanent staff and volunteers can be motivated by the cause of the organisation, for the former there is always the additional motivation of remuneration. So it is very important that volunteer managers are aware of the wider motivations that volunteers have, because that is why they are there. A paid employee will have a contract of employment and have clear workplace rights. A volunteer does not, so the relationship is based on reasonable expectations. It is important that the terminology in a volunteering agreement refers to role, and not job, description, for example, so that it is not inferred that the volunteer is a paid employee. Similarly, volunteers should only be reimbursed for out-of-pocket expenses, as any subsistence or payment could be construed as a wage. One of the other major differences between volunteers and paid staff is in the recruitment process. When recruiting paid staff the process results in the most suitable person for the job being appointed. With volunteers however, the approach is often different, with the process being a lot more flexible, allowing the organisation to tailor roles to suit the individual. If an individual if unsuitable for the role for which they have applied, it is often possible to point them in the direction of an alternative department or role, for which the organisation would be able to use them. This is a tactic that St Lukes use, predominantly when individuals under the age of 18 apply to volunteer within the hospice setting. Engles continues to say that there are some requirements which help to differentiate between the two groups. These include the organisation having a volunteering policy which sets out how the volunteering arrangement should work in practice, covering recruitment, supervision, training and development and reimbursement of expenses. WRVS also recommends having good-practice policies in place to manage the volunteer workforce, mirroring the approach of policies which are in place for permanent staff. This should include documentation which clearly sets out expectations for both volunteers and the organisation about what can be expected from volunteering. (Volunteering England, 2006) This was something that was implemented in 2008 at St Lukes Hospice, called a Statement of Mutual Expectation. The Statement of Mutual Expectation is a document which clearly states what is expected of volunteers whilst working at St Lukes, and what volunteers can expect from St Lukes whilst working for the organisation. It was drawn up in agreement with a volunteer focus group, to ensure that volunteers were in agreement and that the expectations were realistic from both parties. Suff (2008) believes that having the right person, in the right place, at the right time, is central to organisational performance. Recruitment is an essential activity for organisations as a whole, not just for the HR team, but also for line managers who have become increasingly involved in the selection process (CIPD, 2009). This principal does not just relate to the recruitment of paid employees, but to volunteers too. The volunteer recruitment process should reflect that of paid staff. Prior to recruiting for a position the CIPD recommends investing time to gather information relating to the role, including the roles purpose, the outputs required by the role holder and how it fits into the organisations structure. When considering the role it is also important to take in to account the skills and personal attributes needed to perform the role effectively (CIPD, 2009). This should be the first step in the recruitment process. This should also include looking at how volunteers will be supported and managed whilst working with the organisation. By including both paid staff and current volunteers in the planning process, it ensures that everyone has an input and understands the volunteers involvement. By involving senior management and board members in any planning, this ensures that the organisation has commitment at strategic level. The National Centre for Volunteering agrees that successful recruitment is heavily dependent upon organisations identifying what is needed from potential volunteers by understanding the specific roles, and recruiting to them (McCurley and Lynch, 1998). McCurley and Lynch (1998) found that there is evidence that shows potential volunteers are attracted to the type of tasks or the nature of the role when being recruited to an organisation. It is therefore important that these are in place before the recruitment process starts. As well as being attracted to the roles offered, each volunteer has a reason for wanting to give their time for free. By identifying these motivations, the organisation will be able to match the needs of the volunteer with the needs of the organisation. Motivation factors include a commitment to the organisation. Within a local Hospice this may be that a friend or relative has received care, meeting people and socialising, gaining skills, or utilising existing skills (Volunteering England, 2006). The 2008 Institute for Volunteering Research paper Young people help out: Volunteering and giving among young people explain that the volunteering agenda believes young people volunteering has a positive impact, including increasing skills and employability, enhancing social cohesion, integrating young people in to society and reducing crime and anti social behaviour. Once the role has been planned for, the organisation needs to generate interest from external individuals. This can be done by advertisements in newspapers, on commercial job boards and on websites, including the organisations (CIPD, 2009). Regional newspapers often offer free advertisement space to charities, which can benefit both the organisation and the publisher. CIPD believes that as the use of technology in recruitment increases, organisations are adapting, and creating databases or pools of ready candidates, who can be kept in reserve, for as and when positions in the organisation arise, without the need to re-advertise (CIPD, 2009). This is not an area that St Lukes have attempted, due to lack of technology within the organisation. Also, with so many voluntary positions in the organisation, the majority of people can be placed immediately. As well as the recruitment process identifying suitable individuals, it can also be used to allow candidates to find out more about the organisation. It is also used for the individual to assess the organisation, and decide whether it is the right environment for them to work. As the experience of all applicants impacts on their view of the organisation, it is vital that each stage of the recruitment process is managed effectively and to the best of the organisations ability (CIPD, 2009). This is particularly important in an organisation such as St Lukes Hospice, who are community based, and rely heavily on word of mouth for recruitment and support. WRVS uses a variety of methods to attract potential volunteers. These include local media, attendance at events, local recruitment campaigns and word of mouth. One consideration with word-of-mouth approaches is that there could be an impact on diversity if people of similar backgrounds are coming forward, so we balance that method with other promotional activities, head of people volunteering at WRVS Chris Dobson says The CIPD Recruitment, Retention and Turnover Annual Survey 2009 found that the number of voluntary, community and not-for-profit organisations experiencing difficulty in recruiting for one or more category of vacancy in 2009 has decreased, compared to the 2008 figure, from 82% to 79%. However, the same report found that organisations with fewer than 250 employees are increasingly finding difficulty in recruiting for one or more category of vacancy in 2009 at 83%, up from 80%. The previous year CIPD also believe that effective recruitment is crucial to organisations for successful day to day running, and that it should not only be carried out to fulfil current needs, but should consider future needs, which will impact on the organisations resourcing (CIPD, 2009). However, in such a small organisation, the luxury of future planning is not always possible. With so many volunteer roles needing filling, planning for the future is not a priority. For recruitment to be effective, it is essential that there needs to be some understanding on where potential volunteers would look for current opportunities. Volunteer Development Scotland (VDS) research (2006) shows that 69% of existing volunteers became involved in volunteering through being asked to help. VDS however found that from the group of people asked, comprising of existing volunteers and non volunteers that the most popular places people believed they would look include the library, internet, direct to the organisation which they are interested in, a volunteer centre, or by speaking to their family and friends. These findings differ from the reality. Organisations can use a variety of methods to recruit volunteers. One of these is promoting itself to potential volunteers. Ways of doing this include informal methods, such as word of mouth by existing volunteers, as well as more formal methods, such as advertising. Word of mouth should not be under estimated. In a community charity it is a very powerful tool. Danson (2003) found that those who did not have access to these networks would become excluded from volunteering. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“However, the socially excludedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ are the least well informed about volunteering and the least networked into existing volunteers (Danson, 2003). For young people, aged 16 24 years, word of mouth was the most popular route in to volunteering (Institute for Volunteering Research, 2008). Institute for Volunteering Research (Gaskin, 2003) conducted research, using volunteers and non volunteers, and found that recruitment messages can be targeted to particular groups of people through advertising. What Gaskin was demonstrating, was that for a modern image of volunteering, organisations should use innovative media, emphasising the benefits of volunteering. For an outreach approach, organisations should be using talks, road shows and presence at public events, which could be incorporated with fundraising events. Lastly, for maximising word of mouth recruitment organisations should be encouraging current volunteers to act as ambassadors for volunteering within the organisation. Baird (2005) has found that often, non-volunteers have little knowledge of the activities undertaken by volunteers, or the number of hours and commitment which would be required of them to join an organisation. Baird also found that potential volunteers like to know how their time can make a difference to others, the organisation, or the environment and what they themselves could gain from volunteering. Whilst some volunteers like to know what they gain personally, this would also depend on their motivation for volunteering, as mentioned by Volunteering England. It is therefore important when planning and designing the volunteer role, to include information such as amount of time involved and any ongoing commitment requirements. It is vital to remember that volunteers are an important, if not invaluable resource for many organisations, and their recruitment and retention needs to be treated with as much care and detail as that of paid employees. Whilst motivational factors may differ between paid employees and volunteers, many aspects of people management remain the same. Volunteering is a major activity in the UK, with the  governments citizenship survey (2007) identifying that three-quarters (73%) of all adults in England and Wales undertook some form of volunteering in the previous 12 months, with almost half (48%) of adults surveyed claiming to do voluntary work on a regular basis, at least once a month (Suff, 2008). However, the extent to which volunteers are used within organisations varies considerably, ranging from organisations who solely depend on unpaid staff, to organisations who have minimal volunteer involvement. The Institute for volunteering Research (2008) found that in the previous year, 59% of organisations surveyed had experienced some problems with recruiting enough volunteers, with a similar proportion (57%) reporting difficulties in recruiting volunteers with the skills their organisation required. Kate Engles, Policy and Information Officer at Volunteering England, says that there is a range of support available for charities trying to attract volunteers, including volunteer centres, who offer advice to organisations on working with volunteers. They also advertise organisations volunteering opportunities to the local community. However, this is an approach that St Lukes have previously tried, using volunteer centres in Harrow and Brent, with little success. Chris Dobson, head of people volunteering at WRVS explains the demographic changes since the formation of WRVS 70 years ago (Volunteering England, 2009): Since WRVS was formed 70 years ago, peoples lifestyles have changed significantly. For example, at first there was a big group of women who did not work, but today most women do work and so do not necessarily have the free time to volunteer. This means we have to work a bit harder and be a bit more creative in how we attract potential volunteers. St Mungos, a homeless charity based in London, use a range of approaches to promote volunteering opportunities, including free advertising in London newspapers. This is an approach that St Lukes have tried in the past; however this was not very successful in terms of recruiting volunteers but did provide free press coverage to a large reader group. (Volunteering England, 2009) St Mungos is also registered with several national volunteering databases, as well as having forged links with University College London and London Metropolitan University, due to the universities course provision relating to the work done by St Mungos. St Lukes work closely with Thames Valley University, by providing accredited modules in Palliative Care as part of their degree programme. However, students who spend time at St Lukes as part of the module do not volunteer for the charity whilst training to become specialist palliative care nurses. They carry out supervised placements within the hospice, but no students have so far extended their time to volunteering outside of the module. When recruiting volunteers for the organisation it is important to understand diversity and the role which it should play. Diversity includes physical and non physical differences, with a number of personal characteristics covered by discrimination law. These give people protection against being treated unfairly, with the protected characteristics including age, race, disability, sex, religion and belief and sexual orientation. Diversity in volunteering should mean that people from diverse backgrounds, with diverse skills, can volunteer, regardless of any of these characteristics (CIPD, 2010). There are many compelling reasons to attract a diverse mix of volunteers, such as reflecting the community or client group, encouraging inclusion and encouraging new skills and backgrounds into the organisation, because there is greater flexibility in the recruitment process for volunteers, there is greater scope to encourage greater diversity. Kate Engles (Volunteering England, 2009) observes. The Institute for volunteering Researchs 2008 study found that more than half of participating organisations (56%) had experienced problems recruiting volunteers from a wide range of social and community backgrounds. Volunteer Development Agency (2005) states that when talking about a diverse organisation, it is one that represents the community that it is in. In an area as diverse as Harrow and Brent, this is a particularly relevant challenge, and one that needs to be overcome to ensure the future of volunteers within the hospice. Over the past 5 years WRVS has worked to implement a diversity strategy. This is in an attempt to enhance its reputation and image, resulting in widening its potential recruitment pool. The reason for WRVS implementing this was that it views volunteers as the public face of the organisation, and believes that if they reflect todays diverse society, then individuals will more easily identify with it (Volunteering England, 2009). For St Lukes, this is also an influencing factor, along with the need to diversify to continue to attract volunteers from the local community. The CIPD give several examples of why an organisation would want to become more diverse. To be competitive, everyone within the organisation needs to make their best contribution. By employing a diverse workforce, this allows for a more diverse skills mix. A diverse workforce can help in market competitiveness, opening up new market opportunities, increasing market share or expanding an organisations customer base. It can benefit the organisation by brining fresh ideas and perspectives from people with different experiences and backgrounds. It can also help to ensure that the services the organisation offers are relevant to the community (Volunteer Development Agency, 2005). To implement a diversity strategy within an organisation, it needs to start with buy in from senior management, and include changes in workplace behaviour, communication and training (CIPD, 2010). CIPD Recruitment, Retention and Turnover Annual Survey 2009 found that 94% of voluntary, community or not for profit organisations surveyed monitored recruitment to gain information on gender, ethnic origin, age and disability and 70% train interviewers to understand what diversity is and the impact on stereotypes. The benefits of having a diverse workforce are also highlighted in the Institute for Volunteering research paper Regular and occasional volunteers: How and why they help out (2008). The report found that although there are no significant differences between regular and occasional volunteers when it comes to gender or ethnicity, the age of the volunteer can make a difference. Volunteers aged 25 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 44 years old and more likely to be occasional volunteers, whilst those aged over 65 are more likely to commit to regular volunteering opportunities. Retention is the process in which employees are encouraged, through various means, to remain working for the organisation. This can be ongoing, or until the completion of the project. Employee retention is beneficial for both the organisation and the individual, and it is seen as the responsibility of the employer to ensure that the employee stays working for the organisation by using compensation, environment, support, growth and relationship. (CIPD, 2010) Retention of volunteers is just as important as the recruitment. Previous literature has cited negative experiences within organisations as well as personal factors, as reasons why people leave volunteering. Examples include lack of relevant training, poor supervision within the role and uninteresting duties (Alexander, 2000). Other factors include feelings of being overburdened and undervalued (Locke, Ellis Davis-Smith, 2003). Whilst it is not a fail safe way of ensuring high retention figures, there are many processes in place within the Shops Company which work towards addressing these issues. All volunteers are issued with a manual when commencing their role, which needs completing in agreement with the shop manager. Volunteers have set roles within the shops, and have regular parties to show appreciation for their hard work and commitment, along with birthday cards set as a sign of thanks. A thorough induction programme is also thought to be essential, to make volunteers feel comfortable, welcome and able to carry out their role with confidence. It should include an introduction to the organisation, including the organisations ethos and how they can personally contribute as a member of the volunteer team, an introduction to staff and volunteers with whom they will be working, an introduction to their new role, and also cover legislation, including health and safety (Help the Hospices, 2004). Beugen (in Recruitment and Retention of Volunteers, 2007) found that it is important to recognise that the needs and motivations of volunteers change over their time volunteering for an organisation. He believes that volunteers progress through a motivation life cycle, much the same as paid employees in any organisation. The first stage of Beugens life cycle of volunteers is the exploratory stage. This is when the new volunteers are still exploring the possibilities of being a volunteer, and trying out their new role within the organisation. At this stage Beugen believes that it is important to give reassurance to the volunteer, to find out their expectations and to discuss any uncertainties that they may have. The second stage of the life cycle is the period where volunteers are developing themselves and their role. They do this by analysing what they are doing and improving on their performance. Support for the volunteer doesnt need to be as intensive as the first stage during stage two, however it is still important to maintain contact with and encourage the volunteer. (Recruitment and Retention of Volunteers, 2007) Ongoing training is important during the second stage to allow for continual development. Beugen believes that this helps to create a sense of commitment to the organisation, resulting in higher retention rates. He also thinks that it is also important to recognise volunteers achievements and to acknowledge the value of their contribution to the organisation. Recognition can be formal (e.g. certificates, long service awards) or informal (e.g. birthday cards, cakes). The final stage of Beugens life cycle is maturity. This is where the volunteer is ready to share their skills and knowledge, and to support and lead other volunteers. In an organisation with a lot of volunteers, this stage of the life cycle is important, as it allows established volunteers to share their experiences and knowledge to newer volunteers, and to possibly give a different perspective on the role than that of a paid member of staff. By involving existing volunteers in this knowledge sharing it is preventing them from losing interest and motivation. Beugen points out that it is important to recognise that total retention isnt necessarily a good thing. He believes that once a volunteer has gained new skills and interests they may be ready to move on to another organisation. This may not be necessary if the organisation is large enough to have a range of roles to keep the volunteer motivated and interested. Holmes (in Recruitment and Retention of Volunteers, 2007) comments that the recruitment and retention procedures advised by many organisations are over-formal and similar to the personnel practices for paid staff. Despite this formal approach having advantages to both managers and volunteers in its structured approach research has found that volunteers often find this approach off-putting (Gaskin, 2003; Holmes, 2004). The Institute for volunteering Research (2003) asked volunteers what factors contribute to a satisfying and enduring volunteering experience in order to help organisations recruit and retain. IVR found that what puts volunteers off is feeling used, not appreciated, not consulted and not accommodated. They found that volunteers want to feel welcome, secure, respected, informed, well used and well managed. Since they do not have the incentive of financial gain, rewards must be supplied in other ways. Kate Engles (Volunteering England, 2009) comments: Many volunteer-involving organisations use volunteers Week in June to give awards or celebrate their volunteers by an outing or picnic, for example. Saying thank you costs nothing and goes a long way. Birthday cards or small gifts can also have a lot of meaning for the recipient. Birthday cards for all volunteers are sent annually, with tea parties held during volunteers week in June as recognition of the volunteer teams extensive work at St Lukes. At St Mungos, the belief if that if volunteers can see that they are making a difference within the charity, and that they are working for a professional organisation then this will  help boost retention. This is done by integrating volunteers in to the Mungos family, by making them feel like a part of the permanent workforce (Volunteering England, 2009). Similarly to the integration of volunteers at St Mungos, St Lukes have invested time in altering its culture. Historically, within St Lukes, volunteers and paid staff have been treated very differently, with separate inductions, handbooks, social events etc. However, since 2007 work has been carried out at St Lukes, to establish a less them and us culture. This work started with the setting up of several focus groups, to enable volunteers to have more input in to the organisation. Yet, since this work in 2007, retention rates have not improved. Approximately half of the organisations surveyed in the Volunteer Development Agency 2009 survey said that during the first quarter of 2009 the number of people applying to volunteering within their organisation had stayed the same, with 39% or organisations seeing an increase. The most common reason for an increase in applicants was that people wanted to increase their employability skills to aid finding paid work. The most common reason for decreases in volunteer applications because people had less time to come forward for volunteering. The organisations who stated that they saw an increase in volunteer application in the first quarter of 2009 were asked to clarify the % increase that they had seen compared to the same period in 2008. 59% said that they had seen an increase of 1-25% and 27% had seen a 26-50% increase. Looking towards the future, the organisations surveyed predicted that the major challenges facing them over the coming 6 months were related to funding / limited resources and the need to adapt to changing motivations / expectations of volunteers. 90% of the organisations who responded to this survey were from the Voluntary and Community sector. The remaining 10% were split between organisations with a remit in church / faith, sports and social enterprise. The largest had 1080 volunteers. Although extremely difficult the quantity, the perceived monetary worth of one hour of volunteers time to the organisations surveyed average out at  £9.24, which ranged from  £0- £30. With over 700 volunteers, it is estimated that St Lukes saves in excess of over  £1,000,000 per annum. Participating organisations are quoted as saying à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Volunteers at present are needing greater flexibility, this is ok to a point but does cause our organisation problems. Volunteers are not committing themselves for long periods any more, in the past the average duration for volunteers was 2-3 years, now that is down to 6-12 months (Volunteer Development Agency, 2009). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The majority of our volunteers are women and to date a few of them were unavailable to volunteer because they have had to look for paid work when their husbands became unemployed. This trend may increase (Volunteer Development Agency, 2009). In the report Volunteering in UK Hospices: looking to the future Smith, J (2004) estimates that each Hospice volunteer contributes approximately  £1,500 a year worth of work, using nearly  £200 of management time. Using this calculation it becomes clear how invaluable Hospice volunteers are, as the Shops operation would not be able to operate to such an extensive profit without them. With plans for the Hospice to continue expanding, and the opening of more shops in the local area, it is essential that the Hospice has a strategy in place to ensure that there is a constant supply of volunteers joining the workforce to allow this to happen. As well as looking at new ways of recruiting volunteers, it is vital that the Hospice acknowledges the need to retain the volunteers is currently utilises, as they have a wealth of knowledge. As well as knowledge, Smith, J (2004) identified that volunteer commitment increases with length of service. Statistics released by Volunteering England (2009) show that demand for volunteer placements in the 6 months prior to the report (March à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" September 2009) increased in 86% of volunteer placement centres. A recent survey by Howard Lake (2009) for Institute of Fundraising found that Hospices were bucking the economic gloom. Lake found that people in the South East of England were still volunteering, and believes this to Runaway Children: Causes and Strategies for Protection Runaway Children: Causes and Strategies for Protection Abstract Surprisingly there is less knowledge to our public of the significance of runaway children and their problems particularly in less developed Asian countries which include Pakistan. A general statistics collected by the police department which is not an exact estimate and this wrong data might lead to this problem being intense. Subsequently, with elapsing time this problem is becoming more serious due to deteriorating financial and political condition and coming into consideration of the government. Therefore the government of Punjab with help of UNICEF on 17 March 2003 at Lahore initiated an organization named (CPWB) Child Protection and Welfare Bureau. This is the most renowned organization operating presently in Pakistan dealing with the problems of runaway children quite efficiently with foreign helps on a large scale. It is aimed for the recovery, rescue, and rehabilitation of poor and destitute children involved in abuse, beggary, burglary, neglected and exploitation by adults. A number of institution of CP and WP are being operated in major cities of Pakistan which include 2 branches in Lahore, Gujranwala, Multan ad Faisalabad. Acknowledgements With the name of ALLAH ALMIGHTY we were able to finish our research paper. This research was conducted with the support of the organization named CHILD PROTECTION AND WELFARE BUREAU. We greatly thank the staff members of CP WB for the cooperation. Special thanks is placed to â€Å" Mr. Roa Khalil Ahmad† the â€Å"Assistant Director† for guiding us throughout our visit to the Bureau and arranging a productive interview with â€Å"Muhammad Amin Malik† the â€Å"Child Protection Officer† of the bureau. Responsibility of the research paper remains with the group members which include â€Å"Furqan Fasahat†, â€Å"Kanza Munir†, â€Å"Sana Rizwan†, â€Å"Maliha Zahid† and â€Å"Amna Mahmood†. Problems of runaway children The term â€Å"Runaway Children† is referred to those kids or youngsters who have been found missing from home for about a few days. This is a voluntary act by the children who face miserable financial and family issues which cause them to leave their homes and become a part of public places. Due to lack of knowledge and understanding the concept or idea of lost and missing children is less acknowledged among people of Pakistan, although it is a serious issue which is considerably growing with time. In Pakistan there is less documentation in the relevant department which lead to lack of essential information on this serious social issue. This has been under notice by UNICEF for a long period of time because this problem is quite serious and prevalent in Asian countries especially Pakistan being a less developed nation is a major victim of it. As the financial and political conditions of Pakistan are deteriorating with time this problem has come under notice by the Government of Pakistan from recent years and necessary steps have been taken at a large scale in order to deal with this problem. All the children are in growing process so it is natural that they are emotionally immature. In this developing age appropriate freedom for communication and proper space to express their emotions and views should be provided. When this lacks and no family support is provided a feeling of loneliness cause them to runaway. Runaway is regarded as a serious social issue. The children who leave their homes voluntarily face miserable domestic conditions which are at times intolerable. The experiences faced by these runaway children include neglect ion, physical and sexual abuse, parental disputes which gives a sense of insecurity, sibling rivalry, failure in studies or exams and the fear of parents. The first, foremost subtopics under consideration which are to be researched are the causes and circumstances which cause the young children to run away from their homes. This is assigned to Maliha Zahid. The second subtopic which needs to be discussed is the problems faced by children when they run away and this will be covered by M. Furqan Fasahat. The third domain which is important is the effects on the society and to be done by Amna Mahmood. Moreover, the NGOs are to be researched for this topic, and its role played in the dealing with this issue in Lahore and is worked upon by Sana Rizwan. Lastly, the criminal activities in which these children get involved will be discussed by Kanza Munir. These above stated aspects will be worked upon by us in this research project. This topic is quite vast and more areas can also be covered to enhance the research which includes that do the children desire to go back home, or prefer living in other places. Furthermore, the research can be further enhanced by looking into the struggle of parents in finding their missing children. But these aspects are not to be discussed or researched. Literature Review The topic being focused in our research is â€Å"Runaway Children†. The forces and circumstances responsible for runaway, practice by children, and their rescue and protection against exploitation. According to Rana Asif Habib, convener of initiator, there are around 10000 children in Pakistan who live in the streets. A research conducted revealed that among the runaway children 66% are victim of violence at home, education center and work place. Only in Karachi, 30000 of these children are deprived of homely comfort and are exposed to drug and sexual abuse. In order to protect, the need of legislation on child right is stressed. At least in Punjab there is a Bill of 2004 for â€Å"Destitute and Neglected Children Protection†, whereas other provinces are without any legislation. Therefore shelters and rehabilitation centers must be set up and run by state, health services and education facilities must be provided to the destitute children. On the recommendation of the UNCRC committee drafted a bill which is further waiting for legislation regarding child rights.() The Pakistan Penal Code section 89 has made corporal punishment lawful which rather spoils the confidence of child to exist as a respectable person. It plays rather a negative role and discourages children from going to schools. Humaira Butt, SPARC School Project coordinator, said that there must be other ways besides corporal punishment, which can be effective in making discipline. It is revealed that because of corporal punishment 50% of the children runaway from schools and increases the rate of runaway children. The most common reason why children run away is divorce and parental disputes. The second danger is the pressure of â€Å"predators† present everywhere in our community, and its difficult to recognize them as they look like the â€Å"guy next door†. The next is the abduction of children by their non custodial parents for using them for their own selfish interest. Fourthy many children are abducted and sold for body parts due to the underground business in practice on internet. Young girls are in danger of being kidnapped and sold for prostitution. Many children run away because of abuse and neglect by their foster parents. In developed countries like USA an â€Å"Amber Alert† system in developed. â€Å"Police can act on tips to locate a missing child† which is encouraging. The article deals with an encouraging factor that the director of the film Slumdog Millionaire, Danny Boyle, and the producer, Christian Colson, set up a charity trust Jai Ho for helping poor children in Mumbai, India. The NCRC bill does not enjoy redressal power and same is with NCCWD. Problems in budget allocation in the health and education sector for children also exits. The committee is against the tendency of corporal punishment giving to school going children, because it lowers the literacy rate further in Pakistan. Another tragedy is the non registration of 70% of children at the time of birth, and the bonded labor practices in many industries and informal sectors, affecting the poorest and most vulnerable children prohibiting slavery and all form of forced labor. Though Employment of Children Act 1991 exists yet the awareness is non existent so no one report to the police and judiciary. The Pakistan Penal Code (PPC) is deeply concerned that the minimum age of criminal responsibility continues to remain very low (7 years) therefore government should raise it to an internationally acceptable level. The number of children in prisons is high and number of juvenile courts, trained lawyers and p robation officers is insufficient. Faisal Kamal Pasha and Obaid Abrar Khan, Friday, September 11, 2009. The News It is told that Pirwadhai bus stand provide informations that mostly there runaway belongs to families facing object poverty, illiterate and orphans. These children get involved in drugs and some are addicts of sniffing an adhesive. The city police officer Rao Muhammad Iqbal said that these children are sent to the Child Protection and Welfare Bureau. The CP and WB have recovered 1251 children from March 2008 as reported. Edhi, the social worker of Edhi Foundation, arranged a bus from Karachi to Lahore to recruit children who were lost or had run away. Social worker says that Pakistan has a large population of runaway children or lost children, estimating their number at more than 20,000. Naveed Hasan Khan of Azad Foundation estimates that there are 13,000 to 15,000 in Karachi alone and the number in increasing. The UN, UNICEF estimates that there are 10,000 in Karachi. Due to poverty some parents are reluctant to receive their children from Edhi Homes, and also some children do not want to go back. The articles reviewed in this research give the factual detail regarding the certain barriers which contradict the final solution of the problems. Though the NGOs and social workers work with vigor to eradicate this evil yet the responsibility of the state is the first and foremost demand. Government institutions like Police and judiciary must play its adequate role required for addressing the cases with iron hands. Budget must be allocated to the centers of rehabilitation to let the victims get protection. Social values must be up held, especially at the domestic front. Parents and relatives must perform their duty towards small children. Instead of fighting on their own disputes the must be forced to safeguard the basic rights of their of springs. After all the parents are responsible for the upbringing of children, if they cannot take care of the tender hearts why at all they had the privilege to be called parents. Poverty must be lessened and education be made accessible to all i n order to stop children runaway. Research Questions Domain Questions: What are the causes and circumstances of running away? What are the problems faced by children who runaway? What role is played by the NGOs for supporting runaway children? What are the effects on the society of these runaway children? What kind of criminal activities take place? Subsidiary questions: What are the major reasons for running away from home and family Which is the most common age for running away Description of the abuses and strange experiences faced by children which caused them to runaway Where do the children go after running away? How do these children survive? How are they treated by the people around the outside world? What difficulties are faced by them? How do the bureau contact their parents? What type of background do these children have? How the NGO support them? How is the issue handled by the ngos? What is their behavior when they are rescued by the organization? What problems the organization face in handling such children? From where do these children come from? What are the social effects on the society of street children? Details of the main places in Lahore for runaway children. Description of the psyche of runaway children What are the measures and steps taken for these runaway children Who helps in promoting criminal activities? What incentives are provided to such children? Reasons for being involved in criminal activities? Which sector of the society is involved in exploiting these children? Research and methodology While the research was conducted, the first visit to the bureau was dated 26-03-2011 but it was not much productive. Only a meeting with the assistant director â€Å"Rao Khalil Ahmad† was possible in which the main topic of the research, goals and the purpose of visit was explained. In addition, a copy of interview question which were to be asked by the organization representative and the runaways, were handed over and the date and time of the interview was assigned by the assistant director. In exchange a handout of brief history, background and establishment of the bureau was given. The assigned date of the interview was 02-04-2011 and proved successful. The Child Protection Officer, â€Å"Muhammad Amin Malik† gave a well prepared and satisfactory interview which greatly helped in the research paper. The interview involved all the group members of which four were asking questions and one was busy in recording the movie of the interview. The answers of the interview qu estions were noted on the interview sheets provided by the instructor and were later signed and stamped by the CPO person. Second interview was with the runaway children in the bureau and while moving to the department of children the surroundings of the organization were keenly observed. Each child was asked similar questions, that is reason for running away, strange experiences if any, any involvement in criminal activities etc. Moreover, 20 questionnaires were prepared and filled in by the general public and the sample included students of LSE and family members. The interview with the CPO provided ample information relating to the organization, history and background of the problem plus the bureau. Different experiences quoted by affected children were separated related to each domain and helped in analyzing the topic well. The annual report of bureau provided exact facts, figures, dates and statistical information in detail of the organization. The answers of the filled questionnaires were decoded in Microsoft Excel and statistically analyzed in Stat graphics. Analysis of data and discussion Causes and reasons Children who run away from home are typically fueled by an overload of depression, anxiety, a sense of loneliness and alienation from their families and society. These kids often feel as if they have little support in times of trouble and no where to run when things get tough. Unfortunately for some children, parents realize too late theres a problem and the child ends up a runaway on the streets. Many children run away because their parents or legal guardian abuse and belittle or neglected them. (Anonymous, 2011). The precise number of runaway children in Lahore, or across the country is unknown. Estimates by organizations working with street children suggest there are at least 5,000 in the city at any one time, with the largest number based on Data Durbar or on the railway station. The charitable Eidhi foundation , which houses runaway children and attempts to unite them with parents estimates there are at least 10,000 such children in Karachi alone. By the end of 2003 there had be en 30% increase across the country in children leaving homes. They leave mostly due to domestic violence or acute social economic hardships (focus on runaway children, report, 2004 September, 8). The survey carried out on runaway children in which people where asked that would they leave there home if they have lack of resources and love, approximately 80% children disagreed on this, while 25% agree on this. According to the survey boys run away from home more than girls as boys are more aggressive and its difficult for them to control their anger . most of the children run in the age group between 10 to 16 and the main reason for running is parent dispute (appendix A and C).The first thing which comes in our mind is, who are runaway children and how can a child run from his home. What are the causes and reason due to which a child leaves his home? Home! the place which is known as heaven on earth. How this heaven becomes hell for that child? Are children forced to leave the home or they leave it by themselves. Children are innocent figure how they can be ready to face the difficulties of the evil world outside their home or the home they are leaving in is actually filled with evil people? Where these children go after running from their homes and what sort of difficulties they face. How does NGOs help them and rescue these sorts of children. In which sort of criminal activates these children usually get involved and what sort of impact these children have on society as these children are the future of our nation. To get answer of all these questions our group carried out a research on this topic as its the most important problem which are society is facing. The domain of my topic is causes and reasons due to which children leave their home. Nowadays( Renee, 2000) the reason for leaving home are far more tragic, things such as seriously eroded family condition where children feel neglected or unloved or they are abused. Children feel that if they dont run away they may end up dead. According to Dr Krishna Prasad, (2000) said all children are basically insecure, as they are emotionally immature. This immaturity is a part of the growing process. Each day they become more and more secure if the family is a close knit one with enough freedom for communication and emotional expression. Thus children runaway due to different reasons such as constant quarrels of parents ,causing insecurity and hatred in childs heart , if they feel unloved , fear of physical danger like father beating the child for wrong doing, fear that there would be withdrawal of emotional support for wrong doings.( 2000,runaway syndrome, psychology4all.com ) . Runaway children belong to different classes and have different reasons for running. Most of them belong to lower class. Children run from villages and come to cities as they think they can earn more money and live a better life. But after leaving their homes they get into wrong hands and get involved in criminal activ ities. Poverty is one of the main cause due to which 60% of the children leave their homes as there is no concept of family planning in our country(Pakistan) thats why the budget is more than the income ,so it is not possible for a poor person to fulfill his familys needs. As the person can not fulfill his childrens wants and needs so he forces them to earn many in any case. For this reason the children try to earn money from illegal ways such as they get involved into criminal activities, they start begging, stealing etc. many children dont want to work and so they end up leaving their homes because for them it is the last option. . In a recent interview conducted from a runaway child (Personal communication, March 26, 2011), named Ahmed Raza he told that he left his home due to the bad conditions of his home. He had 3 brothers and 4 sisters, so it was difficult for his father to support such a huge family thats why his father used to beat him and told him to do work and earn money but he didnt wanted to do that, so he left his home. Sometimes a child doesnt want to leave home but he is forced by his family members to do so as they don have enough money to fulfill their basic needs so they leave them to different NGOs. Or sell them to people so they can use the children for illegal things. I witnessed this thing myself when I visited child protection bureau (CPB). A man came along with her daughter to leave her to the government department, that girl was crying and saying that she didnt wanted to stay there his father said that he would come to meet her. The man took some money from the employee of bureau and left her there. When investigated from the people of bureau they said that the girl had ran from the place she used to work and that the man rescued her and came to drop her to the NGO so they can find her parents and send her back. . The organization was double-dealing or not I dont have any idea but I observed it. Many children run due to their father or mothe r mite be ill or having a swear disease which may also be caused due to poverty. Poverty is one thing which can ruin a blissful family just with in no time. In a recent interview conducted from an employee (Mohamed Amin Malik), working in a government department (CBI), told that a child, whom their team rescued, on asking the reason of leaving home he told that her father had cancer and he had three sisters and its very difficult for him to support them so he ran from home to get some work, so that he can help out this family. According the child protection officer (CPO) of CPB, the main reason due to which children runaway from home is due to neglect ion which is caused due to broken family or if the child is orphan and lives with his relatives . A child needs both mother and fathers love and care but if one isnt present they mite not feel secure and would feel unloved and if both are not present then their life becomes miserable. There differen5t cases in broken families, sometime father had done second marriage and doesnt allow the child t o meet his mother and the stepmother can be bad with the child so the child have only one way out that he should leave that hell. In recent interview (Personal communication, March 26, 2011) conducted from a runaway child who was not normal child. He told that he ran from his home because his father used to hit him and didnt allowed him to meet his mother, so he ran from home because he wanted to live with his mother but as he was not normal he was unable to find his mother. the second reason due to which children run from their home is when their parents are no longer in the world to take care of them and they live with there grandparents , aunts or other relatives . What may come relatives can not draw a comparison with parents. If a child lives with his aunt she can never gives her/him proper time , care and love as she gives to her own children due to this the child feel neglected.. Some relatives also take work from the children and also abuse them if they dont do work they abuse them due to these reasons the child end up leaving that place .A.Akbar (Personal communication, March 26, 2011) told that he had three brothers and one sister . His parents were dead and he used to leave with his aunt. His aunt didnt wanted him to live with her; she used to beat him so he left that place .When he was rescued by the CPB ,they informed his aunt that Akbar is with us but she refused to take him back . There are many different reasons due to which children leave their home .Sometimes its not big reason due to which children leave their homes but unfortunately it becomes. children are innocent and if parents only yell at them they get hurt and just leave their home and go to their relatives or friends place its the duty of relatives or friends to report their parents if their child comes to their place other then giving him more liability. Sometimes children run if their parent doesnt give them proper time as they give to their other siblings. In this way the child feel neglected and start hating his parents and run from his home although he isnt aware of the after affects of this. Children may run due to fight between siblings and parent doesnt stop them from doing this. They may take their fight as a normal thing but it can make a huge disaster. Many children run because they dont want to study and their parents beat them if they dont get good results. If a child fails he/she gets scared that his/her parents would beat him/her, so only one option is left for him/her to run away from his home. A person is recognized by the companionship he possesses. One of the reason due to which children run away from home is peer influence. If they belong to a bad company the chances of running increases. Nowadays children listen more to their friends then to their parents. Kasim (Personal communication, March 26, 2011) told that he came to data durbar with his friends to eat rice and the CPB team rescued him from there. He just came to enjoy with his friends from his home town (Jarawaral). When investigated from the bureau people they told that the boy had ran twice from his home and the main reason due to which he ran is that he doesnt want to do work so he ran from home with his friends There are many different cases due to which children run from their homes from which some of the reasons and causes have been explained after research. This problem is still not solved and increasing day by day. Measures should be taken to solve this problem other wise it would become havoc for our society. Though runaway has become a serious problem , we as adults are able to control it by understanding the hearts of children and giving them loving care .it is possible to change the way of thinking, behavior and emotional status of children while they are growing .(runaway children-an overview ,2008) Problems faced after running away The literal meaning of runaway children are the kids who voluntarily are found missing from their homes at least a few days without taking permission from their parents or caretaker usually due to intolerant domestic conditions or violence The topic of research paper is Run Away Children, and the domain on which the research is being conducted is problems faced by these run away children after running away from their homes. According to the Child Protection Officer, Muhammad Ameen Malik (Child Protection Center, Shalamar), there have been thirty two thousand two hundred and eighty four children rescued from 2005 till now. However according to the UNICEF report there are forty thousand still on streets who are either forced or have deliberately left their homes. The runaway ratio is increasing year by year and is around forty to fifty percent. Run away cases are mostly from the cities of Punjab and Sindh. These children are mostly from the lower middle class families who have low family income and are suffering from continuous family problems. The main reasons that force these children to run away can be listed as parental dispute, peer pressure, poverty, siblings rivalry and work pressure. In certain cases parental dispute exceeds to such an extent that the small minds of children get confused. They become victims of fear of the breakage in the parents relationship. The frequent clashes, disagreements and constant turmoil spoil the inner happiness of young hearts, because they demand peace, love and attention which do not exist. Their dream of a happy home shatters and they shun all negative and leave. Work and peer pressure are also a major reason of running away. Often boy at the age of seven or eight years are forced by their parents to work and earn money for their livelihood. Some of them are sent to workshops and others to road side inns, where the heartless cruel owners, the so called â€Å"ustad jee†, treat these innocent souls ruthlessly. Often being punished by these â€Å"masters†, and consistently rebuked. These small bread winners of the house get over matured before time, discuss things with their co-workers about the luxuries and freedom of others boys of their age enjoy. Often they see kids of their own age traveling in large cars and being pampered by their parents. As a result they revolt. They are left with no other alternative and in search of a better life they run away without realizing the true nature of the city life where wolfs are ready to maltreat them. One reason is an unhealthy criticism regarding education and other attributes. This can be classified as siblings rivalry. At times parents start comparing their own children with one another. Often the younger brother feels that he has no importance in the family because he faces discouragement at every spot. In order to prove his strength he decides to go to his own way to at least avoid a situation where he imagines himself as unwanted and disrespected, which gives rise to hatred and the ignorant figure. Poverty is the most imminent reason behind this misfortune. In poverty stricken homes the inhabitants loses human compassion and becomes distrustful for other members of the family unit. Complaint of lack of food, clothes, education and shelter snatches away love and cares of a demanding and eager child. Moreover the constant insult and thrashing contribute in creating a breach and results breaking up the links. Due to the reasons mentioned above children leave their homes. The question now arises that how do these children leave their cities? What mean of transport do they use to do this? And where do these children finally land up? According to the interviews conducted and the information collected from the management of the Child Protection Center these run away children acquired different modes of transport. Mostly they sit in trains from their local railway stations having no knowledge of their next destination. They are often drifted along on different directions, friendless and penniless. In an alien environment these fear stricken ignorant beings, in search of shelter, roam about from one place to another in quest of being recognized and acknowledged by the big citys complex activities. And from here their difficult entourage of life takes a new turn. After leaving homes there is danger awaiting at every step. The basic problem faced by these children is shelter, and then comes the problem of hunger. Both of these create havoc in life of these runaways. In our Islamic God fearing society the problem of hunger can be met by visiting certain center of free food but shelter is next to impossible. This shows these children the truth that they stand nowhere, no identification, no background and devoid of love and affection, they now have to make their own way into life yet threatened by dangers at every step. During day time they stay on roads but long nights are difficult to spend. They sleep on footpaths and outside the garden walls and later make friendship with other vagabonds, and tramps. The pangs of hunger force them to do all sorts of labor sometimes wiping the screen of cars and collecting pennies in return for buying food. Moral and social destructions are the consequences they face, finally one by one entangled by all bad ha bits. Another problem faced by the runaway children is they join the gang of villains who wickedly train these children as street beggars. At every crossing on traffic signals small children comes up asking for money which is not for their own use but to satisfy the whims of the criminal minded gangsters, thus entering into the hideous world of sinful people. Victimized by the wicked people all sorts of abuse they are exposed to and thus pay the price of leaving the security of their homes. Destruction then has no limits, sometimes these children are arrested by police and are sent to prison but police again cannot put a check on their activities. Thus they grow up as criminals and plague the society. Many of these children also get involved in drugs. Most of the beggars turns into hideous sinful criminal and are also found addicted to drugs. They are involved in selling drugs to students and youngsters. This deadly poison destroys the health and becomes the cause of many fatal cons equences. They not only spoil their own life but involve the future of our nation, the youth, by exposing them to drug addiction. The runaway children in the Child Protection Center helped in doing the research properly. The children interviewed were five in number of different ages, different backgrounds and different reason for running away. One of the children was 10 years old; he said that his step mother beats him so he ran away from home. When asked the question of what