Sample Argumentative Essay on Ethics in Human Research

When writing an argumentative essay on ethics in human research, it is important to come up with an argument for every claim that you make. Also, make sure that the information you’re using is reliable. Wikipedia is not a good choice in this case; books, government websites and case studies however, might seem like a viable alternative. The research ethic governs behavioral standards for all scientific researchers. There are ethical principles one must adhere to in order to make sure that the rights, welfare, and dignity of the participants are protected. The human research must be thoroughly reviewed and assessed by an ethics committee to make sure that all appointed ethical standards are properly implemented. In the WHO Manual, there’s a crystal clear definition of ethics in human research: research that involves human subjects is considered a part of a social science, epidemiological, biomedical or behavioral activity that involves data analysis or data collection with the aim to generate new knowledge. In applied ethics, there are three principal research branches: business, medical and environmental ethics. Medical ethics in particular, gets the most constant philosophical attention. However, not all issues in the field have received the exact same degree of scrutiny. Even though most of the attention is centered on ethical problems regarding medical care provisions, some ethical matters also cater to clinical research. Since the United States has agreed to perform research using human subjects (in the 70s), most ethical matters concerning human research have been centered on queries regarding clinical research, including risk management, randomization, placebo use, subject recruitment, and research on helpless populations. Most controversial or infamous studies discussed over the years were the Tuskegee Syphilis study, Nazi experiments, and HIV research. Over the past 5 years, most ethical issues involving human research targeted the environmental health department, but also human research on the use of the Internet and social media. Social media websites, or SMWs, offer opportunities for users to participate in the making and displaying of multi-media data. These sites have become an ideal ground for human research in all sorts of domains. SMWs offer some unique benefits to researchers: they provide innovative opportunities to inspect behaviors and beliefs expressed online (in a natural context), not to mention that social media sites permit researchers to contact subjects easier, thus conducting their studies in countries around the world that are difficult to reach in a conventional way. Human research methods in the environmental health field are split into two categories: experimental and observational. Observational studies are usually focused on gathering information about the subjects in their conventional habitat, whereas experiments are meant to gather data on the subjects under monitored conditions. In observational research, some commonly used studies are case-control studies, field studies, cohort studies and cross-sectional studies. Even though principles, codes and policies are useful and important, this doesn’t mean they necessarily fit in every scenario or situation. Some must be reinterpreted, so it is fundamental for researchers to learn to assess, evaluate, interpret the certain rules in order to be able to make an informed decision and act ethically regardless of the situation. Actions that are considered unethical by most researchers are often viewed as misconduct. However, it is fundamental to keep in mind that misconduct usually occurs when a researcher’s intent is to deceive. In general, errors that are honest, such as poor record keeping, sloppiness, self-deception, and miscalculations don’t classify as misconduct. References World Health Organization (WHO Manual). Ethical standards procedures for human being research Miller, F. The ethical challenges of human research. Oxford University Press. 2012. Ndpr.nd.edu Tuskegee Syphilis Study. 1932. cdc.gov Moreno M., Goniu, N., Moreno P., Diekema D.. Ethics of social media research: common concerns practical considerations. 2013 Sep; 16(9): 708–713. Jones, H. Social media’s affect on human interaction. 2013. hastac.org. Song, J. Observational Studies: cohort and case control ctudies. 2010. 126(6): 2234–2242 Resnik, D. What is ethics in research why is it important. 2015.nih.gov

Define Functional Versus Dysfunctional Conflict in a Work...

Conflict arises when there is some indifference among two parties. In any working group conflict is almost unavoidable. When most people hear the word conflict, they often tend to take the term in negative manner. Almost everyone perceives conflict to be a malefactor and that it often hinders the development process of any group. Although usually people think of it as a bad thing, conflict on the contrary can be a positive occurrence within a group to bring about change. Comprehensively conflict refers to a situation in which there are opposing demands or ideas and a choice has to be made between them. So, it means without conflict there wouldnt be any opposing demands or ideas in which case the choices are obvious and easy. This can†¦show more content†¦A functional conflict is the positive conflict that occurs among the people in a work group. They support the company’s goal and improve performance. Functional conflict is healthy and it is constructive disagreement between two or more individuals. A functional conflict often improves the quality of decisions, simulates creativity, innovation and encourages interest and curiosity among group members. Functional conflict helps everyone to learn the art of harmonious and efficient compromise. For instance in a group when people engage in a functional conflict, the outcome in general is very fruitful to the group itself. A functional conflict requires people to understand and respect each other’s idea. It allows other person to speak his/her thoughts without being interrupted. People engaging in a functional conflict know that the other party is a part of the group. It involves listening to what other has to say. Every other person can provide a valuable insight and suggestion to help solve a crisis. This creates willingness to cooperate. Furthermore in order for functional conflict to be a success, each individual must be given certain freedom of speech and work. Forcing someone to do things they don’t agree is not an effective way to resolve a conflict. A functional conflict focuses on finding a resolutionShow MoreRelatedChannel Conflict When Adding Internet Channel on Existing Store Based Retailer23250 Words   |  93 PagesChannel conflict when adding the Internet as a complementary marketing channel to an existing marketing channel system. A case study of a Greek mobile telecom re tailer. by GEORGIA EFROSSINIDOU carried out in conjunction with WIND Hellas Telecommunications, Leicester October 2009 Project submitted to Leicester University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Business Administration. CONTENTS Page Acknowledgments Executive Summary Introduction InternetRead Moretutorial7342 Words   |  30 PagesTutorial expectations and participation. 5. 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The End Of The Cold War Essay - 1740 Words

Introduction The most important turning point in contemporary history was propitiated by the end of the Cold War, when one of the fields of the bipolar era disappeared, opening the way for a unipolar world under American imperial hegemony. The United States immediately began to use its unquestionable superiority, seeking to transfer the conflicts to the military confrontation. The apex of this policy of militarization of conflicts was in Afghanistan, Iraq and Libya (Missiroli, 2015). Although in relatively different ways, the outcome of the conflicts was by military means - invasion, occupation, bombardment, overthrow of governments (Monteiro, 2014). Even with wear and tear, this road was imposed until recently without any obstacles to US domination. Until the conflict with Syria, which was heading for a bombing of the territory of that country, had an unexpected turn, with a proposal of agreement formulated by the US Minister of Relations and accepted by the US. Discussion In today s world, great power is a state capable of projecting its power in a way comparable to the most powerful state of the system. According to this criterion, only the USA is a great power. The remaining states of today s international system fall into two categories: the one that could avoid being conquered by the USA are average powers, and all others are smaller powers. Today s world is not multipolar (Layne, 2012). However, not everyone who accepts this last statement agrees that theShow MoreRelatedThe End Of Cold War2804 Words   |  12 PagesThe End of Cold War: An Analysis Cold War should be considered as one of the most important events that stirred the global political world and it should be considered as an event the end of which reshaped the socio-economic and political structure of myriads of nations across the globe. The end of the Cold War ensured the demise of the Soviet instigated communism and the rise of democracy once again. But it should be noted that just like the emergence of the Cold War the end of the Cold War was notRead MoreThe End Of The Cold War1694 Words   |  7 PagesThe end of the cold war, is often considered as marking the dawn of a fundamentally different political environment. This change in environment, has brought about new salient questions by scholars and policy makers about the relevance of nuclear weapons in the world. In his article, ‘learning to love the bomb’ Jonathan Tepperman calls president Obama’s plan to rid the world off nuclear weapons wrong, dreamy, unrealistic and a big mistake. I foun d this article interesting as it seems rather paradoxicalRead MoreThe End Of The Cold War930 Words   |  4 PagesThe end of the Cold War marks more than just the end of the arms race, between the Soviet Union and the United States, it also marks the weakening of communism. Communism, the greatest enemy to the west during the Cold War had to be put down at any cost, this meant supporting militaristic dictatorships that were against communism. The weakening of communism, however, ignited Global Democratic Revolutions in which the people sought to gain the power back from the government. These revolutions wereRead MoreThe End Of The Cold War Essay4338 Words   |  18 PagesAbstract: This article discusses the end of the Cold War, covering the period from Reagan?s inauguration to the reunification of Germany, which marked the end of the last remnant in Europe of the Cold War. It looks at several factors that brought the conflict to a close: arms control, human rights issues, and ongo ing conflicts in Latin America between the Soviet Union and the United States. The most important meetings and summits between the United States and the Soviet Union are discussed, includingRead MoreThe End Of The Cold War1435 Words   |  6 PagesDespite the hope for democracy and political stability in the last two decades, crises and armed conflicts remain a serious impediment to development in many countries. Moreover, if some specialists say that the end of the Cold War at the beginning of the 1990s spelled the end of conflicts created through the East-West confrontation, the following years have shown the predominance of intra-state crises, thus forcing the United Nations (UN) to review its strategies for peace and security. In extremelyRead MoreThe End Of The Cold War1069 Words   |  5 PagesAt the end of the Cold War, a more widespread interest in post conflict reconstruction was becoming more prevalent. The main components of this interest during the post reconciliation period were accountability and reconciliation. To facilitate this in two different post conflict environments, two respective tribunals were established. These tribunals were known as the ICTY (The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, est.1993) and ICTR (International Criminal Tribunal for RwandaRead MoreThe End Of The Cold War2747 Words   |  11 PagesThe United Nations was handed the sacred duty of, in its own words, â€Å"to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war.† While the UN was able to prevent another great war, and to an extent other large regional wars, it has still not met its key tenet of saving generations from the scourge of war. I believe that the UN has failed to promote peace successfully in the world, and its job as facilitator of peace hasn’t been met when countless conflicts have continued all over the globe. I believeRead MoreThe End Of The Cold War928 Words   |  4 Pages The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union were heralded by many as the end of history. 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Shall I Compare Thee To a Summers Day and First Love Essay Example For Students

Shall I Compare Thee To a Summers Day and First Love Essay The first poem that I am going to write about is, Shall I Compare Thee To a Summers Day? (poem 1) by William Shakespeare. This is Shakespeares 18th sonnet and is one of the best-known sonnets in English Literature. Poem 1 is about a man who compares his lover to a summers day; he uses the summer and the weather to emphasise how beautiful his lover is. The poet compares his lover to a summers day because everyone prefers the summer to any other season. The writer didnt compare his lover to a winters day because it would seem that the writer didnt like his lover if he had compared her to the rain or to the fog. I think that the poet is trying to convey his lover as beautiful and that another woman couldnt compare with her, the phrase Thou artmore temperate emphasises this. She will be beautiful forever too in Shakespeares mind. The first four lines are a logical argument to prove that a summers day is inferior to his lover, she is more lovely and more temperate He also sees that the summer is more unpredictable than she is, Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May. He notes as well that the summer doesnt last as long as her beauty. And summers lease hath all too short a date He shows this contrast between his lover and the summer. He also conveys that the summer isnt always beautiful. Faults are pointed out- for example the weather in lines five and six (the sun can be too hot at times). Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines or it can simply not shine at all, And often is his gold complexion dimmed. This makes a poor comparison to his love because it is totally different too. Thou art.more temperate The poet is contradicting his own words. The quotation natures changing course refers to the fact that the weather wont stay the same for long. Summer turns to autumn eventually and this will bring back the bad weather. Whatever we try to do we can never stop this cycle. Nor shall death brag thou wonderst in his shade is a personification which makes death sound scary. The poet leads us to believe that death will not come between him and his lover. The word brag suggests that the poet thinks that death teases human beings. The poet also suggests that his lovers beauty can never be killed. The eternal lines of time might mean that his lovers beauty will never fade and this will enable his love to grow. The comparison with the summer is very effective as the poet says that the summer doesnt last as long as his love: eternal lines might also mean lines of poetry which people will read for years and this will allow his love to grow. This in the lost line refers to the poets love towards his lover which is an incentive to live. It also might mean that his love for her is everlasting. The main point that the poet is trying to stress is that his love is unchangeable and so the line so long as men can breathe or eyes can see means that his love for his lover is eternal. I think that the main idea (the theme) in this poem is Shakespeares love and the effect time has on it. Shakespeare points out that his love for his lover will last as long as he lives. Shakespeare used a conventional form of poetry to praise poetry and his beloved by using the form of the sonnet. He boasted that both would be preserved nearly eternally. Five hundred years later, no one refutes his boast. .u12d7ec1956d4bf38acb5aa2dc0e185fe , .u12d7ec1956d4bf38acb5aa2dc0e185fe .postImageUrl , .u12d7ec1956d4bf38acb5aa2dc0e185fe .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u12d7ec1956d4bf38acb5aa2dc0e185fe , .u12d7ec1956d4bf38acb5aa2dc0e185fe:hover , .u12d7ec1956d4bf38acb5aa2dc0e185fe:visited , .u12d7ec1956d4bf38acb5aa2dc0e185fe:active { border:0!important; } .u12d7ec1956d4bf38acb5aa2dc0e185fe .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u12d7ec1956d4bf38acb5aa2dc0e185fe { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u12d7ec1956d4bf38acb5aa2dc0e185fe:active , .u12d7ec1956d4bf38acb5aa2dc0e185fe:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u12d7ec1956d4bf38acb5aa2dc0e185fe .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u12d7ec1956d4bf38acb5aa2dc0e185fe .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u12d7ec1956d4bf38acb5aa2dc0e185fe .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u12d7ec1956d4bf38acb5aa2dc0e185fe .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u12d7ec1956d4bf38acb5aa2dc0e185fe:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u12d7ec1956d4bf38acb5aa2dc0e185fe .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u12d7ec1956d4bf38acb5aa2dc0e185fe .u12d7ec1956d4bf38acb5aa2dc0e185fe-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u12d7ec1956d4bf38acb5aa2dc0e185fe:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Poetry Essay ThesisThe second poem that I am going to write about is First Love (poem 2) by John Clare. John Clare was born in Northamptonshire in 1793. He had little schooling and left school at the age of eleven, he was mainly self-taught. Many of his poems are about nature and the seasons. He first published his poetry in 1820, aged 21 and he was married in the same year to Martha Turner, although he was still in love with his first girlfriend, Mary Joyce. He was admitted to an asylum for the insane in 1837 and he escaped in 1841 looking for his first love, Mary Joyce whom he believed to be his wife. He wrote the poem in 1841, but it gives no hint of the pressures he m ust have been under at the time. The poem is about a boy who falls in love with a girl, who doesnt realise it at first but does by the end. The title First Love is very appropriate as the poem is about someones first love. The first and second lines tell us that this is love at first sight love so sudden. The simile comparing the girls face to a sweet flower is very appropriate as this shows us how beautiful the boy thinks the girl is. The poet uses the word sweet two times in the poem, which suggests that the boy thinks that the girl is very sweet. When the poet realises that he has fallen in love with the girl his face went deadly pale and his legs refused to walk away. There are powerful verbs in the first two stanzas such as struck, stole rushed and burnt. Most of the verbs help to describe how much the boy loves the girl. The phrase blood rushed to my face shows us how excited he was and suggests that he is very embarrassed when the girl looked back at him. The lovers confusion is emphasised in the second stanza as the poet can only think about his lover and nothing else. He says that she has blinded him with her beauty, And took my sight away; the poet says that he couldnt see anything apart from her and I could not see a single thing, suggests that the man is blinded by the beauty of the girl, he cant see the trees of the bushes only his lover. And blood burnt round my heart suggests that he is so excited that he feels his heart pumping. The paradox Words from my eyes did start suggests that the look from his eyes is trying to say something. Seemed midnight at noonday suggests that it is dark because her beauty blinded him. The two questions in the poem are rhetorical questions; they catch the attention of the reader. They make me want to answer the questions, these questions gets the reader involved in the poem. The phrase that suggests that the girl doesnt realise his love at first is And when she looked what could I ail?, this suggests that the girl wasnt aware of the boy at first. I think that And loves appeal to know is the time when the girl realises that the boy loves her, after finding out that the isnt ill when his face turns back to its normal colour. His heart has been changed forever after finding his first love, and he feels the pain of unrequited love. His heart has moved to its new place and it will never return, My heart has left its dwelling-place. And can return no more The rhyming pattern is the same in every stanza a,b,a,b,c,d,c,d. The rhythm of the poem also follows the same pattern. .u1e02f953a2a63b44fab86152d7e0b7cd , .u1e02f953a2a63b44fab86152d7e0b7cd .postImageUrl , .u1e02f953a2a63b44fab86152d7e0b7cd .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1e02f953a2a63b44fab86152d7e0b7cd , .u1e02f953a2a63b44fab86152d7e0b7cd:hover , .u1e02f953a2a63b44fab86152d7e0b7cd:visited , .u1e02f953a2a63b44fab86152d7e0b7cd:active { border:0!important; } .u1e02f953a2a63b44fab86152d7e0b7cd .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1e02f953a2a63b44fab86152d7e0b7cd { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1e02f953a2a63b44fab86152d7e0b7cd:active , .u1e02f953a2a63b44fab86152d7e0b7cd:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1e02f953a2a63b44fab86152d7e0b7cd .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1e02f953a2a63b44fab86152d7e0b7cd .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1e02f953a2a63b44fab86152d7e0b7cd .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1e02f953a2a63b44fab86152d7e0b7cd .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1e02f953a2a63b44fab86152d7e0b7cd:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1e02f953a2a63b44fab86152d7e0b7cd .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1e02f953a2a63b44fab86152d7e0b7cd .u1e02f953a2a63b44fab86152d7e0b7cd-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1e02f953a2a63b44fab86152d7e0b7cd:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Heroes in Homer's Poetry EssayBoth poems are similar in that they have been written to the lovers of the poets. Their main theme is love and how this has affected them. Both poets have used nature to compare with their lovers, Shakespeare has one long comparison, he compares his lover to a summers day while John Clare uses individual comparisons to nature Her face is bloomed like a sweet flower John Clare uses a more modern vocabulary than Shakespeare but this is expected as Clare wrote two centuries later than Shakespeare. The structure of the two poems are different, Poem 1 is a sonnet. Although the two poems are about love, Poem 2 is about someones first love while poem 1 might have been about someones love when they were older. Another contrast is that Shakespeare only writes about how beautiful he thinks his loved one is while Clare writes more about how his love affects him, And blood rushed to my face. I liked both poems but First Love impressed me most because the poem is about young people.