Sample Argumentative Essay on Ethics in Human Research

When writing an argumentative essay on ethics in human research, it is important to come up with an argument for every claim that you make. Also, make sure that the information you’re using is reliable. Wikipedia is not a good choice in this case; books, government websites and case studies however, might seem like a viable alternative. The research ethic governs behavioral standards for all scientific researchers. There are ethical principles one must adhere to in order to make sure that the rights, welfare, and dignity of the participants are protected. The human research must be thoroughly reviewed and assessed by an ethics committee to make sure that all appointed ethical standards are properly implemented. In the WHO Manual, there’s a crystal clear definition of ethics in human research: research that involves human subjects is considered a part of a social science, epidemiological, biomedical or behavioral activity that involves data analysis or data collection with the aim to generate new knowledge. In applied ethics, there are three principal research branches: business, medical and environmental ethics. Medical ethics in particular, gets the most constant philosophical attention. However, not all issues in the field have received the exact same degree of scrutiny. Even though most of the attention is centered on ethical problems regarding medical care provisions, some ethical matters also cater to clinical research. Since the United States has agreed to perform research using human subjects (in the 70s), most ethical matters concerning human research have been centered on queries regarding clinical research, including risk management, randomization, placebo use, subject recruitment, and research on helpless populations. Most controversial or infamous studies discussed over the years were the Tuskegee Syphilis study, Nazi experiments, and HIV research. Over the past 5 years, most ethical issues involving human research targeted the environmental health department, but also human research on the use of the Internet and social media. Social media websites, or SMWs, offer opportunities for users to participate in the making and displaying of multi-media data. These sites have become an ideal ground for human research in all sorts of domains. SMWs offer some unique benefits to researchers: they provide innovative opportunities to inspect behaviors and beliefs expressed online (in a natural context), not to mention that social media sites permit researchers to contact subjects easier, thus conducting their studies in countries around the world that are difficult to reach in a conventional way. Human research methods in the environmental health field are split into two categories: experimental and observational. Observational studies are usually focused on gathering information about the subjects in their conventional habitat, whereas experiments are meant to gather data on the subjects under monitored conditions. In observational research, some commonly used studies are case-control studies, field studies, cohort studies and cross-sectional studies. Even though principles, codes and policies are useful and important, this doesn’t mean they necessarily fit in every scenario or situation. Some must be reinterpreted, so it is fundamental for researchers to learn to assess, evaluate, interpret the certain rules in order to be able to make an informed decision and act ethically regardless of the situation. Actions that are considered unethical by most researchers are often viewed as misconduct. However, it is fundamental to keep in mind that misconduct usually occurs when a researcher’s intent is to deceive. In general, errors that are honest, such as poor record keeping, sloppiness, self-deception, and miscalculations don’t classify as misconduct. References World Health Organization (WHO Manual). Ethical standards procedures for human being research Miller, F. The ethical challenges of human research. Oxford University Press. 2012. Ndpr.nd.edu Tuskegee Syphilis Study. 1932. cdc.gov Moreno M., Goniu, N., Moreno P., Diekema D.. Ethics of social media research: common concerns practical considerations. 2013 Sep; 16(9): 708–713. Jones, H. Social media’s affect on human interaction. 2013. hastac.org. Song, J. Observational Studies: cohort and case control ctudies. 2010. 126(6): 2234–2242 Resnik, D. What is ethics in research why is it important. 2015.nih.gov

Define Functional Versus Dysfunctional Conflict in a Work...

Conflict arises when there is some indifference among two parties. In any working group conflict is almost unavoidable. When most people hear the word conflict, they often tend to take the term in negative manner. Almost everyone perceives conflict to be a malefactor and that it often hinders the development process of any group. Although usually people think of it as a bad thing, conflict on the contrary can be a positive occurrence within a group to bring about change. Comprehensively conflict refers to a situation in which there are opposing demands or ideas and a choice has to be made between them. So, it means without conflict there wouldnt be any opposing demands or ideas in which case the choices are obvious and easy. This can†¦show more content†¦A functional conflict is the positive conflict that occurs among the people in a work group. They support the company’s goal and improve performance. Functional conflict is healthy and it is constructive disagreement between two or more individuals. A functional conflict often improves the quality of decisions, simulates creativity, innovation and encourages interest and curiosity among group members. Functional conflict helps everyone to learn the art of harmonious and efficient compromise. For instance in a group when people engage in a functional conflict, the outcome in general is very fruitful to the group itself. A functional conflict requires people to understand and respect each other’s idea. It allows other person to speak his/her thoughts without being interrupted. People engaging in a functional conflict know that the other party is a part of the group. It involves listening to what other has to say. Every other person can provide a valuable insight and suggestion to help solve a crisis. This creates willingness to cooperate. Furthermore in order for functional conflict to be a success, each individual must be given certain freedom of speech and work. Forcing someone to do things they don’t agree is not an effective way to resolve a conflict. A functional conflict focuses on finding a resolutionShow MoreRelatedChannel Conflict When Adding Internet Channel on Existing Store Based Retailer23250 Words   |  93 PagesChannel conflict when adding the Internet as a complementary marketing channel to an existing marketing channel system. A case study of a Greek mobile telecom re tailer. by GEORGIA EFROSSINIDOU carried out in conjunction with WIND Hellas Telecommunications, Leicester October 2009 Project submitted to Leicester University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Business Administration. CONTENTS Page Acknowledgments Executive Summary Introduction InternetRead Moretutorial7342 Words   |  30 PagesTutorial expectations and participation. 5. Briefing on Group Report Oral Presentation (requirements and expectations). 6. Team formation for Group Report. (4 members per group) 7. Tutor assigns question and time for oral presentation group report ** Oral presentation and group report submission will starts from Week 3 to 5** **Important note** Students are required to sit for one (1) online test on Week 3. Please make sure that you are registered under this course and be able to access Read MoreAnswer Key - Fund. of Management Chpt 1-7 Essay10238 Words   |  41 Pagesspecific purpose. All organizations share three common characteristics. 1) Every organization has a purpose and is made up of people who are grouped in some fashion. 2) No purpose or goal can be achieved by itself, therefore organizations have members. 3) All organizations develop a systematic structure that defines and limits the behavior of its members. Organization—an entity that has a distinct purpose, has people or members, and has a systematic structure. 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The End Of The Cold War Essay - 1740 Words

Introduction The most important turning point in contemporary history was propitiated by the end of the Cold War, when one of the fields of the bipolar era disappeared, opening the way for a unipolar world under American imperial hegemony. The United States immediately began to use its unquestionable superiority, seeking to transfer the conflicts to the military confrontation. The apex of this policy of militarization of conflicts was in Afghanistan, Iraq and Libya (Missiroli, 2015). Although in relatively different ways, the outcome of the conflicts was by military means - invasion, occupation, bombardment, overthrow of governments (Monteiro, 2014). Even with wear and tear, this road was imposed until recently without any obstacles to US domination. Until the conflict with Syria, which was heading for a bombing of the territory of that country, had an unexpected turn, with a proposal of agreement formulated by the US Minister of Relations and accepted by the US. Discussion In today s world, great power is a state capable of projecting its power in a way comparable to the most powerful state of the system. According to this criterion, only the USA is a great power. The remaining states of today s international system fall into two categories: the one that could avoid being conquered by the USA are average powers, and all others are smaller powers. Today s world is not multipolar (Layne, 2012). However, not everyone who accepts this last statement agrees that theShow MoreRelatedThe End Of Cold War2804 Words   |  12 PagesThe End of Cold War: An Analysis Cold War should be considered as one of the most important events that stirred the global political world and it should be considered as an event the end of which reshaped the socio-economic and political structure of myriads of nations across the globe. The end of the Cold War ensured the demise of the Soviet instigated communism and the rise of democracy once again. But it should be noted that just like the emergence of the Cold War the end of the Cold War was notRead MoreThe End Of The Cold War1694 Words   |  7 PagesThe end of the cold war, is often considered as marking the dawn of a fundamentally different political environment. This change in environment, has brought about new salient questions by scholars and policy makers about the relevance of nuclear weapons in the world. In his article, ‘learning to love the bomb’ Jonathan Tepperman calls president Obama’s plan to rid the world off nuclear weapons wrong, dreamy, unrealistic and a big mistake. I foun d this article interesting as it seems rather paradoxicalRead MoreThe End Of The Cold War930 Words   |  4 PagesThe end of the Cold War marks more than just the end of the arms race, between the Soviet Union and the United States, it also marks the weakening of communism. Communism, the greatest enemy to the west during the Cold War had to be put down at any cost, this meant supporting militaristic dictatorships that were against communism. The weakening of communism, however, ignited Global Democratic Revolutions in which the people sought to gain the power back from the government. These revolutions wereRead MoreThe End Of The Cold War Essay4338 Words   |  18 PagesAbstract: This article discusses the end of the Cold War, covering the period from Reagan?s inauguration to the reunification of Germany, which marked the end of the last remnant in Europe of the Cold War. It looks at several factors that brought the conflict to a close: arms control, human rights issues, and ongo ing conflicts in Latin America between the Soviet Union and the United States. The most important meetings and summits between the United States and the Soviet Union are discussed, includingRead MoreThe End Of The Cold War1435 Words   |  6 PagesDespite the hope for democracy and political stability in the last two decades, crises and armed conflicts remain a serious impediment to development in many countries. Moreover, if some specialists say that the end of the Cold War at the beginning of the 1990s spelled the end of conflicts created through the East-West confrontation, the following years have shown the predominance of intra-state crises, thus forcing the United Nations (UN) to review its strategies for peace and security. In extremelyRead MoreThe End Of The Cold War1069 Words   |  5 PagesAt the end of the Cold War, a more widespread interest in post conflict reconstruction was becoming more prevalent. The main components of this interest during the post reconciliation period were accountability and reconciliation. To facilitate this in two different post conflict environments, two respective tribunals were established. These tribunals were known as the ICTY (The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, est.1993) and ICTR (International Criminal Tribunal for RwandaRead MoreThe End Of The Cold War2747 Words   |  11 PagesThe United Nations was handed the sacred duty of, in its own words, â€Å"to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war.† While the UN was able to prevent another great war, and to an extent other large regional wars, it has still not met its key tenet of saving generations from the scourge of war. I believe that the UN has failed to promote peace successfully in the world, and its job as facilitator of peace hasn’t been met when countless conflicts have continued all over the globe. I believeRead MoreThe End Of The Cold War928 Words   |  4 Pages The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union were heralded by many as the end of history. 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Shall I Compare Thee To a Summers Day and First Love Essay Example For Students

Shall I Compare Thee To a Summers Day and First Love Essay The first poem that I am going to write about is, Shall I Compare Thee To a Summers Day? (poem 1) by William Shakespeare. This is Shakespeares 18th sonnet and is one of the best-known sonnets in English Literature. Poem 1 is about a man who compares his lover to a summers day; he uses the summer and the weather to emphasise how beautiful his lover is. The poet compares his lover to a summers day because everyone prefers the summer to any other season. The writer didnt compare his lover to a winters day because it would seem that the writer didnt like his lover if he had compared her to the rain or to the fog. I think that the poet is trying to convey his lover as beautiful and that another woman couldnt compare with her, the phrase Thou artmore temperate emphasises this. She will be beautiful forever too in Shakespeares mind. The first four lines are a logical argument to prove that a summers day is inferior to his lover, she is more lovely and more temperate He also sees that the summer is more unpredictable than she is, Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May. He notes as well that the summer doesnt last as long as her beauty. And summers lease hath all too short a date He shows this contrast between his lover and the summer. He also conveys that the summer isnt always beautiful. Faults are pointed out- for example the weather in lines five and six (the sun can be too hot at times). Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines or it can simply not shine at all, And often is his gold complexion dimmed. This makes a poor comparison to his love because it is totally different too. Thou art.more temperate The poet is contradicting his own words. The quotation natures changing course refers to the fact that the weather wont stay the same for long. Summer turns to autumn eventually and this will bring back the bad weather. Whatever we try to do we can never stop this cycle. Nor shall death brag thou wonderst in his shade is a personification which makes death sound scary. The poet leads us to believe that death will not come between him and his lover. The word brag suggests that the poet thinks that death teases human beings. The poet also suggests that his lovers beauty can never be killed. The eternal lines of time might mean that his lovers beauty will never fade and this will enable his love to grow. The comparison with the summer is very effective as the poet says that the summer doesnt last as long as his love: eternal lines might also mean lines of poetry which people will read for years and this will allow his love to grow. This in the lost line refers to the poets love towards his lover which is an incentive to live. It also might mean that his love for her is everlasting. The main point that the poet is trying to stress is that his love is unchangeable and so the line so long as men can breathe or eyes can see means that his love for his lover is eternal. I think that the main idea (the theme) in this poem is Shakespeares love and the effect time has on it. Shakespeare points out that his love for his lover will last as long as he lives. Shakespeare used a conventional form of poetry to praise poetry and his beloved by using the form of the sonnet. He boasted that both would be preserved nearly eternally. Five hundred years later, no one refutes his boast. .u12d7ec1956d4bf38acb5aa2dc0e185fe , .u12d7ec1956d4bf38acb5aa2dc0e185fe .postImageUrl , .u12d7ec1956d4bf38acb5aa2dc0e185fe .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u12d7ec1956d4bf38acb5aa2dc0e185fe , .u12d7ec1956d4bf38acb5aa2dc0e185fe:hover , .u12d7ec1956d4bf38acb5aa2dc0e185fe:visited , .u12d7ec1956d4bf38acb5aa2dc0e185fe:active { border:0!important; } .u12d7ec1956d4bf38acb5aa2dc0e185fe .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u12d7ec1956d4bf38acb5aa2dc0e185fe { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u12d7ec1956d4bf38acb5aa2dc0e185fe:active , .u12d7ec1956d4bf38acb5aa2dc0e185fe:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u12d7ec1956d4bf38acb5aa2dc0e185fe .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u12d7ec1956d4bf38acb5aa2dc0e185fe .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u12d7ec1956d4bf38acb5aa2dc0e185fe .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u12d7ec1956d4bf38acb5aa2dc0e185fe .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u12d7ec1956d4bf38acb5aa2dc0e185fe:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u12d7ec1956d4bf38acb5aa2dc0e185fe .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u12d7ec1956d4bf38acb5aa2dc0e185fe .u12d7ec1956d4bf38acb5aa2dc0e185fe-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u12d7ec1956d4bf38acb5aa2dc0e185fe:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Poetry Essay ThesisThe second poem that I am going to write about is First Love (poem 2) by John Clare. John Clare was born in Northamptonshire in 1793. He had little schooling and left school at the age of eleven, he was mainly self-taught. Many of his poems are about nature and the seasons. He first published his poetry in 1820, aged 21 and he was married in the same year to Martha Turner, although he was still in love with his first girlfriend, Mary Joyce. He was admitted to an asylum for the insane in 1837 and he escaped in 1841 looking for his first love, Mary Joyce whom he believed to be his wife. He wrote the poem in 1841, but it gives no hint of the pressures he m ust have been under at the time. The poem is about a boy who falls in love with a girl, who doesnt realise it at first but does by the end. The title First Love is very appropriate as the poem is about someones first love. The first and second lines tell us that this is love at first sight love so sudden. The simile comparing the girls face to a sweet flower is very appropriate as this shows us how beautiful the boy thinks the girl is. The poet uses the word sweet two times in the poem, which suggests that the boy thinks that the girl is very sweet. When the poet realises that he has fallen in love with the girl his face went deadly pale and his legs refused to walk away. There are powerful verbs in the first two stanzas such as struck, stole rushed and burnt. Most of the verbs help to describe how much the boy loves the girl. The phrase blood rushed to my face shows us how excited he was and suggests that he is very embarrassed when the girl looked back at him. The lovers confusion is emphasised in the second stanza as the poet can only think about his lover and nothing else. He says that she has blinded him with her beauty, And took my sight away; the poet says that he couldnt see anything apart from her and I could not see a single thing, suggests that the man is blinded by the beauty of the girl, he cant see the trees of the bushes only his lover. And blood burnt round my heart suggests that he is so excited that he feels his heart pumping. The paradox Words from my eyes did start suggests that the look from his eyes is trying to say something. Seemed midnight at noonday suggests that it is dark because her beauty blinded him. The two questions in the poem are rhetorical questions; they catch the attention of the reader. They make me want to answer the questions, these questions gets the reader involved in the poem. The phrase that suggests that the girl doesnt realise his love at first is And when she looked what could I ail?, this suggests that the girl wasnt aware of the boy at first. I think that And loves appeal to know is the time when the girl realises that the boy loves her, after finding out that the isnt ill when his face turns back to its normal colour. His heart has been changed forever after finding his first love, and he feels the pain of unrequited love. His heart has moved to its new place and it will never return, My heart has left its dwelling-place. And can return no more The rhyming pattern is the same in every stanza a,b,a,b,c,d,c,d. The rhythm of the poem also follows the same pattern. .u1e02f953a2a63b44fab86152d7e0b7cd , .u1e02f953a2a63b44fab86152d7e0b7cd .postImageUrl , .u1e02f953a2a63b44fab86152d7e0b7cd .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1e02f953a2a63b44fab86152d7e0b7cd , .u1e02f953a2a63b44fab86152d7e0b7cd:hover , .u1e02f953a2a63b44fab86152d7e0b7cd:visited , .u1e02f953a2a63b44fab86152d7e0b7cd:active { border:0!important; } .u1e02f953a2a63b44fab86152d7e0b7cd .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1e02f953a2a63b44fab86152d7e0b7cd { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1e02f953a2a63b44fab86152d7e0b7cd:active , .u1e02f953a2a63b44fab86152d7e0b7cd:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1e02f953a2a63b44fab86152d7e0b7cd .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1e02f953a2a63b44fab86152d7e0b7cd .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1e02f953a2a63b44fab86152d7e0b7cd .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1e02f953a2a63b44fab86152d7e0b7cd .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1e02f953a2a63b44fab86152d7e0b7cd:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1e02f953a2a63b44fab86152d7e0b7cd .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1e02f953a2a63b44fab86152d7e0b7cd .u1e02f953a2a63b44fab86152d7e0b7cd-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1e02f953a2a63b44fab86152d7e0b7cd:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Heroes in Homer's Poetry EssayBoth poems are similar in that they have been written to the lovers of the poets. Their main theme is love and how this has affected them. Both poets have used nature to compare with their lovers, Shakespeare has one long comparison, he compares his lover to a summers day while John Clare uses individual comparisons to nature Her face is bloomed like a sweet flower John Clare uses a more modern vocabulary than Shakespeare but this is expected as Clare wrote two centuries later than Shakespeare. The structure of the two poems are different, Poem 1 is a sonnet. Although the two poems are about love, Poem 2 is about someones first love while poem 1 might have been about someones love when they were older. Another contrast is that Shakespeare only writes about how beautiful he thinks his loved one is while Clare writes more about how his love affects him, And blood rushed to my face. I liked both poems but First Love impressed me most because the poem is about young people.

Socrates vs Galilei Essay Example

Socrates vs Galilei Essay Throughout time, history has woven for us two great men whose exemplary achievements helped shaped the foundations of modern science, mathematics and philosophy: Socrates and Galileo Galilei. Although they lived in two different worlds and eras (470-399BC and 1564-1642 AD, respectively), it is nevertheless impossible to note that they are in a way interwoven in both achievements and nature. Perhaps their most common point of intersection is the very fact that they were firstly, philosophers in nature. Although much of our knowledge of Socrates is derived from what his most promising student, Plato, among others have revealed to us in his dialogues. It is, therefore, a sad thing to note that so great a man had not written nor published anything of himself or his philosophies. However, all things have their reasons. According to Hooker (1996) Socrates believed that knowledge was a living, interactive thing and therefore his method of philosophical inquiry was by means of questioning people on the positions they asserted and working them through questions into a contradiction, thus proving to them that their original assertion was wrong. In fact, he himself never takes a position skeptically claiming to know nothing at all except that he knows nothing (According to Plato in The Apology). The Socratic elenchus (self-examination) eventually gave rise to dialectic, the idea t hat truth needs to be pursued by modifying ones position through questioning and conflict with opposing ideas (Hooker, 1996). We will write a custom essay sample on Socrates vs Galilei specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Socrates vs Galilei specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Socrates vs Galilei specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer However, although Galileo was also a philosopher, the philosophical thread that ran through Galileos intellectual life was a strong and increasing desire to find a new conception of what constitutes natural philosophy and how natural philosophy ought to be pursued (Machamer, 2005). This paved the way for the scientific revolution. He was able to publish various books and materials on different subject matters. He was known as the father of modern observational astronomy(Singer,1941), the father of modern physics(Weidhorn, 2005), the father of science( Weidhorn, 2005) , and â€Å"the Father of Modern Science (Finocchiaro, 2007)†. His famous discoveries included that of the Galilean Moons of Jupiter, the supernova explosion, and the sunspots found on the Sun’s surface. He was also a strong follower of Nicholas Copernicus in his belief that the Sun was the centre of the solar system. At this point, we notice how both philosophers have differed. Socrates was a man of exceptional knowledge and philosophy, however, not one of his philosophies has reached today’s archive first hand. For someone who has changed the world in many ways, he has chosen not to leave us anything we could really call authentic. Galileo, on the other hand, as thus provided us many eye-openers concerning our world and have helped us understand the ways of nature preserved in his writings. His discoveries and studies have contributed much to present-day human knowledge and advancement. Socrates is also commonly pictured as a religious figure as his philosophy tends to drive a way of living. Thus, he has been encumbered with the admiration and emulation normally reserved for founders of religious sects—Jesus or Buddha (Nails, 2005). On the other hand, Galileo is more of a scientific figure as he has fashioned a good deal of scientific and mathematic truths and laws which are currently being used as it is or otherwise as a foundation of much of the laws used in our days. And although he was a devout Roman Catholic, he was charged of heresy for supporting Copernicus’s claims of the sun being the centre of the universe and that the earth moved. Another area of contrast is in the fact that Socrates was deeply involved in politics that according to Platos account, Socrates was in no way subtle about his particular beliefs on government. He openly objected to the democracy that ran Athens during his adult life (Wikipedia, 2006). He himself was put on trial for the reason of being involved in the oligarchy form of government implemented by the Spartans. When Democracy was restored he was placed on trial, which is interpreted by some scholars to be an expression of political infighting (Hooker, 1996), and then executed. Our other philosopher seems to have little or no record at all of political interest, although according to Machamer (2006) he politically named the four moons circling Jupiter (now known as the Galilean Moons) as the Medicean stars (after the ruling family in Florence, his patrons). Beyond this, no record shows any other political patronage on his part. Despite their differences, both these men have excelled in their different areas in life and have helped create who we are now at this present age. This goes to show that we are but standing on the shoulders of giants who have been inquisitive enough to learn more of life and way to live it.

Chapter 10 Essay Example

Chapter 10 Essay Example Chapter 10 Paper Chapter 10 Paper Essay Topic: Literature In Nancy Walkers fifth-grade classroom, some students are reading above grade-level and some students have not yet become fluent readers. This teachers classroom library should contain: books written at a range of reading levels. In reading workshop, students get critical feedback from their teacher to help them develop as readers during: Conferencing The primary difference between reading workshop and Sustained Silent Reading (SSR) is that only during reading workshop do: teachers provide instruction. In writing workshop, students move through the writing process: At their own pace The benefits of sharing time during writing workshop include all of the following except: it is an appropriate use of time when students have writers block. Which of the following allotments of time is the least appropriate for these components of writing workshop? Independent writing: 10-15 minutes Which of the following statements is not true about establishing a workshop environment? Reading and writing workshops should be part of daily language arts learning. Of the following, the most important feature of literature circles is that students: Select their own reading material The primary purpose of specific roles for literature circles (e.g., word wizard, discussion director, etc.) is to: focus students on aspects of the text that facilitate comprehension and can guide student discussions. In reading logs related to literature circles, it is appropriate for students to write about all of the following except: Personal narratives Which of the following statements is not true with respect to choosing books for literature circles? The teacher does not need to be familiar with all of the book choices When implementing literature circles, effective teachers address strategies and skills by: Teaching mini-lessons The most significant focus of literature circle assessment is on: comprehension demonstrated through reading response. Literature focus units are built around: narrative texts, informational texts, or poetry. Students often create projects at the culmination of literature focus units. A primary goal of these projects is: for students to apply their learning. When a teacher planned a three-month unit based on the novel Because of Winn-Dixie, the principal correctly advised her that: a literature focus unit should be completed in less time. Which of the following is the least significant when constructing the instructional focus of a literature focus unit? The focus used in years past with the text Designing checklists and rubrics is a part of which step in developing a literature focus unit? Assessing students Of the following, the most appropriate way for a teacher using literature focus units to monitor students learning and assign grades would be to: use folders and an assignment checklist. The most distinguishing characteristic of basal reading programs is that they usually have A strong skills component A third-grade student appears to be constantly frustrated by the reading in his anthology. The first thing the teacher should evaluate is the: match of the reading level of the text to the students instructional reading level. When using basal reading programs, effective teachers determine the order in which to introduce various strategies by: using the scope-and-sequence chart included with the reading program. Which of the following is not true regarding the support offered by basal reading programs for struggling readers and English learners (ELs)? Struggling readers and English learners are able to access the lower-level texts provided for independent reading. Which of the following is a characteristic specific to anthologies designed for the primary grades? Features pictures of children and animals Related Papers Approaches to Teaching Reading Rhetorical Reading Strategies and the Construction of Meaning Summary Seven laws of teaching Sex Education The future is in the hands of a teacher. I Want to Be a Teacher Kay hat Schools Should Ask Students to Evaluate Their Teachers Classroom Assessment How to Teach Language Through Poetry Research Proposal on the Topic Internal Assessment System Critical Thinking Deductive Method Versus Inductive Method Education Philosophy Outline How to cite this page Choose cite format: Chapter 10. (2018, Jan 23). Retrieved from https://paperap.com/paper-on-chapter-10/'>APA "Chapter 10." PaperAp.com, 23 Jan 2018, https://paperap.com/paper-on-chapter-10/'>MLA PaperAp.com. (2018). Chapter 10. [Online]. Available at: https://paperap.com/paper-on-chapter-10/[Accessed: 21 Sep. 2019]'>Harvard "Chapter 10." 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Get custom paper sample written according to your requirements urgent 3h delivery guaranteed Order now Chapter 10 Paper Declarative knowledge enables you to interpret what you see and hear around you, recognize important people and places in your life, and recall past events. Episodic memory one’s memory of personal life experiences and are remembered events that we’ve personally experienced. Semantic memory one’s general knowledge of the world, independent of those experiences; semantic memories typically stay with us longer than episodic memories. Conditional knowledge includes information about how to respond under different circumstances. Conceptual knowledge declarative and procedural knowledge merge together into conceptual knowledge which reflects our understanding of why certain events happened, why certain things are the way they are, and why certain procedures are effective but others are not. the integration of numerous concepts plus other declarative knowledge into general understandings of certain situations or phenomena. Explicit knowledge vs. Implicit knowledge Explicit knowledge > knowledge that we can EASILY recall and explain. Implicit knowledge > knowledge that we can’t consciously recall. How is knowledge encoded into long-term memory? Knowledge is encoded in long-term memory in ways that reflect something’s physical characteristics or as physical actions or encoding symbols represented by words. What does encoding in physical terms mean? Perception-based forms of encoding are often referred to as imagery. Photographic memory > eidetic imagery. Visual imagery involves envisioning motion and sometimes has a spatial component, in that an individual can imagine how objects might be manipulated arranged, or rearranged in space > Visuospatial memory. Gestures often seem to represent aspects of visual or spatial encoding and may communicate implicit knowledge. What does encoding in terms of actions mean? Action-based encoding is important in procedural knowledge, when that knowledge involves psychomotor skills. Productions When procedural knowledge involves conditional knowledge, when it involves knowing what to do under varying circumstances. Productions can best be described as a set of IF-THEN rules and are presumably involved in procedures that have significant cognitive component.o IF: specifies the condition under which a particular action will occur.o THEN: specifies what the action will actually be. What does encoding through symbols mean? A symbol is something that represents an object or event, often without bearing much resemblance of the thing it stands for. Propositions Meanings are stored as propositions > small units of knowledge concerning relationships among objects or events.1. can stand as a separate statement or assertion.2. can be judged as being either true or false. Arguments objects or events that are the topics of the proposition. Relation a description of an argument or a relationship among two or more arguments. Can one piece of information be encoded in multiple ways? Yes, we sometimes encode the same information simultaneously in two or more different ways. Long-term memory also includes innumerable interconnects among bits of knowledge about different things. Associationistic various pieces of information stored in long-term memory are either directly or indirectly associated with one another. learners relate and organize their long-term memories somewhat uniquely because their past experiences have been different. What are some long-term organizational systems? 1. Hierarchy2. Network3. Parallel distributed processing Long-Term as a Hierarchy Long-term memory organization can be information stored in hierarchies; superordinate information at the top and more specific, subordinate information below. The farther apart the two components were in the hierarchy, the longer it would take to verify a statement. Creating categories > facilitates meaningful learning.Drawbacks: Much of the information we learn does not have a hierarchical quality to it. Long-Term as a Network A network model portrays memory as consisting of many pieces of information interconnected through a variety of associations. Different individuals have networks with somewhat different associations. The propositional network is one in which propositions and their interrelationships are stored in a network-like fashion. We can characterize meaningful learning as a process of storing new propositions with related propositions in the network. Long-Term as Parallel distributed process Information is stored in the form of an integrated collection of entities called nodes. Any single node may be associated with many different pieces of information as a unique network of interconnected nodes. Parallel Distributed Processing Parallel distributed processing (PDP) or connectionism: pieces of information are stored in a distributed fashion throughout long-term memory, with numerous nodes being processed simultaneously. the multidimensional nature of even the simplest of ideas. fill in missing information when a stimulus is incomplete. the PDP model tends to portray learning as a gradual process of strengthening and weakening associations. Concept is a mental grouping of objects or events that are similar in some way. Concrete concept are easily identified by physical appearance. Abstract concepts have underlying similarities that aren’t readily observable on the surface. Positive instances vs. Negative instances A positive instance is a particular example of a concept vs. a negative instance is a nonexample of the concept. Undergeneralization vs. Overgeneralization Undergeneralization reflects an inability to recognize all positive instances. Overgeneralization reflects an inability to reject all negative instances. What do people learn about concepts? Concepts includes knowing that certain features are important for positive instances. Defining features are characteristics that must be present in ALL positive instances. Correlational features are frequently found in positive instances but aren’t essential for concept membership. A prototype, or typical example of the concept. Numerous examples, or exemplars. How do people learn concepts? Behaviorists: a concept not as a mental entity but rather as a common response to a variety of stimuli. Contemporary psychologists: a relatively passive buildup of associations may form the basis of some concepts. In some instances learners may form various hypotheses about a concept’s meaning and then use positive and negative instances to confirm or reject each hypothesis. Someone provides a definition. When are concepts easier to learn? The more obvious the features of a concept are, the easier the concept is to master. What facilitates concept learning? A good definition describes the concept in terms of other concepts with which students are already familiar with. What can help illustrate a concept? Numerous and varied positive instances help to illustrate a concept. Negative instances are helpful in defining the concept’s limits and preventing overgeneralization. Sequential presentation a series of positive and negative instances one at a time over a period of weeks, months, or years. Learners must store what they’ve learned from each instance in long-term memory, where it is likely to be forgotten. Simultaneous presentation in which people can see a number of positive and negative instances all at once. What role do classroom assessments have in concept learning? Classroom assessment tasks can enhance as well as monitor concept learning. Schema usually refers to a closely connected set of ideas related to a specific object or event. Schemas and scripts provide a means for reducing this information overload. Focus their attention on things that are likely to be important and to ignore what’s probably unimportant. They enable people to make sense of incomplete information. Personal theory People form general theories – coherent beliefs systems that encompass cause-and-effect relationships – about many aspects of the world around them. Personal theories about the world seem to guide people as they identify potential defining features of concepts they’re learning. Personal theories help people organize and make sense of personal experiences and information. Theory theory a theoretical perspective about people’s everyday theories. Theory theory is quite useful in helping us understand why people sometimes misconstrue the world around them. Personal theories vs. Reality People’s erroneous notions about the world probably have a variety of sources and sometimes misconceptions result from how things appear to be. fostered by common expressions in language. may cause an individual to infer incorrect cause-and-effect relationships. are mistaking correlation for causation. well-engrained misconceptions about the topic. acquire scientifically acceptable understandings is more difficult. What can help learners tie ideas together and enhance their understanding of concepts? Physical models can help learners tie ideas together. Mental modes > representations of how particular concepts and principles interrelateo Group interaction can enhance learners’ theoretical understanding. Worldview A worldview is a general set of beliefs and assumptions about reality > about how things are and should be, which influence understandings of a wide variety of phenomena. Worldviews encompass implicit rather than explicit knowledge. Conceptual change The process of replacing one personal theory or belief system with another, presumably more adaptive one; tightly interconnected sets of ideas. Conceptual change occurs gradually over a lengthy time period. Confirmation bias o Learners existing beliefs affect their interpretations of new information.o Most learners have confirmation bias, which is when learners tend to look for information that confirms their existing beliefs and to ignore/discredit any contradictory evidence. Is it possible to change a learners misconception of a concept? Yes, but changing misconceptions involves changing an entire organized body of knowledge. People learn new info without letting go of their prior beliefs, so that long-term memory simultaneously holds inconsistent ideas. Sometimes this happens because people learn the new info at a rote level, What can cause a learner to keep a tight hold of a misconception? Learners may have personal or emotional investment in their existing beliefs. Their beliefs may be an integral part of their religion, life style, or culture. Learners may interpret challenges to their belief systems as threats to their self-efficacy When are learners more likely to replace misconceptions? Students are more likely to replace a misconception with a more accurate understanding, if they’re thinking about both ideas at the same time. Refutational text possible objections to a particular explanation are presented and then discredited. Experts Their knowledge tends to be tightly organized, with many interrelationships among the things they know and with many abstract generalizations unifying more concrete details. What are the stages in the acquisition of knowledge? 1. Acclimation: learners familiarize themselves with a new content domain > fragmented learning2. Competence: learners acquire considerably more info about the subject matter, and they also acquire some general principles that help tie the info together and they correct many of the specific misconceptions they’ve previously developed.3. Expertise: learners have truly mastered their field and they know a great deal about the subject matter. What affect do concepts have on general knowledge? Concepts reduce the world’s complexity. Concepts allow abstraction of the environment. Concepts enhance the power of thought. Concepts facilitate inferences and generalization to new situations. Concepts make it easier for us to make connections.

Method Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Method - Essay Example The antioxidants stock solutions were prepared separately. Four hundred milligrams of L-ascorbic acid and tannic acid were dissolved in 5 mL of water to make a stock solution of 80 mg/mL. Forty milligrams of epigallocatechin were dissolved in 5 mL water for a concentration of stock solution of 8 mg/mL. Cells of Staphylococcus aureus strains SH1000 and UAMS-1 were streaked on Mueller-Hinton Agar (MHA) plates and incubated 37Â °C for 24 hours. After this period, single colonies were picked, and transferred to tubes with Mueller-Hinton Broth (MHB). The tubes were placed in an incubator-shaker at 37 Â °C for another 24 hours. The overnight cultures in MHB, after appropriate dilution, served as the inocula for the experimental determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antibiotics and antioxidants, and mutational frequencies (MF). Overnight cultures were always used fresh, and not after storage. The desired antibiotic starting concentrations were obtained by diluting the desired volume from the stock solutions. For the determination of the mupirocin MIC, the starting concentration was 16 Â µg/mL. This amount was diluted doubly using sterile saline to produce decreasing concentrations of 16, 8, 4, 2, 1, 0.5, 0.25, 0.125, 0.0625, and 0.03125 Â µg/mL. The starting concentration of rifampicin was 2 Â µg/mL. Again, double dilution was performed. The following concentrations were used to determine the rifampicin MIC: 2, 1, 0.5, 0.25, 0.125, 0.0625, 0.03125, 0.01563, 0.0078, and 0.0039 Â µg/mL. To determine the MICs of the antioxidants that were to be used in the experiment, the antioxidants solutions were also serially diluted similar to what was done for the antimicrobials mupirocin and rifampicin. The starting concentration of all the antioxidants was 8 mg/mL. After double dilutions, the concentrations used were 8, 4, 2, 1, 0.5, 0.25, 0.125, 0.0625, 0.03125, and 0.01563 mg/mL. Cellulose ester disks with 0.22 Â µm